Police commissioner#United Kingdom

File:RCMP Commissioner.png|{{center|Royal Canadian Mounted Police}}

File:Ensenya comissari mossos d'esquadra.png|{{center|Catalonia Police}}

File:New Zealand Police OF-8.svg|alt=|{{Center|New Zealand Police}}

File:Politikommissær.png|{{center|Danish National Police}}

File:Police nationale-commissaire.svg|{{center|French National Police}}

File:Commissario ruolo direttivo speciale ps.png|{{center|Italian State Police}}

File:Ranks Dutch police wikimedia by venturedesign 300dpi Commissaris.png|{{center|Dutch Police}}

File:POL policja komisarz.svg|{{center|Polish Police}}

File:Distintivo Comissário PSP.png|{{center|Portuguese Public Security Police}}

File:Comisar.png|alt=|{{center|Romanian Police}}

File:SPF-SO-CP.svg|{{center|Singapore Police Force}}

File:Cnpdivisme10.png|{{center|Spanish National Police}}

File:Swedish-police-rank-08.svg|{{center|Swedish Police}}

File:5 Gold Stars.svg|{{center|California Highway Patrol}}

File:Director General of Police.png|{{center|Indian Police Service}}

File:Malta Police Commissioner Insignia.jpg|{{center|Malta Police Force}}

File:Bangladesh Police DIGP Rank.svg|{{center|Bangladesh Police}}

Police commissioners may be experienced police officers, though some are politically appointed, or elected civilians;{{cite web

|url=https://detroitmi.gov/government/boards/board-police-commissioners

|title=Board of Police Commissioners

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|website=detroitmi.gov

|publisher=City of Detroit

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}} not sworn police officers.{{cite web

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|title=POLICE COMMISSIONERS

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|website=stlouiscountypolice.com

|publisher=St. Luis County Police

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}}{{cite web

|url=https://www.kcpd.org/about/board-of-police-commissioners/

|title=BOARD OF POLICE COMMISSIONERS

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|date=2022

|website=kcpd.org

|publisher=Kansas City Missouri Police Department

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}}{{cite web

|url=https://www.lapdonline.org/police-commission/

|title=Police Commission

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|website=lapdonline.org

|publisher=Los Angeles Police Foundation and the LAPD

|access-date=2022-03-25

|quote=There are five civilian members who make up the Board of Police Commissioners.}} In such cases, usually a professional chief of police is in charge of day-to-day operations. In either event, commissioners are the designated heads of the organizations.{{cite web

|url=https://guides.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/nypd/Commissioners

|title=NYPD - Historical and Current Research: Police Commissioners

|last=Belcher

|first=Ellen

|date=2022

|website=guides.lib.jjay.cuny.edu

|publisher=Lloyd Sealy Library (City University of New York)

|access-date=2022-03-25

}}

In police services of the UK, Commonwealth and United States, the title of commissioner may designate the head of an entire police force, or a member of an oversight board of police commissioners.{{cite web

|url=https://ecode360.com/15586708

|title=Article I. Police Civil Service Commission

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|date=12 March 1992

|website=ecode360.com

|publisher=Upper Chichester Township (eCode360)

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}}{{cite web

|url=https://www.gov.uk/police-and-crime-commissioners

|title=Police and crime commissioners

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|date=2021

|website=gov.uk

|publisher=Crown of the United Kingdom (Government Digital Service)

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}}{{cite web

|url=https://www.nacole.org/

|title=What is MEANINGFUL civilian oversight?

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|date=2016

|website=nacole.org

|publisher= National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement

|access-date=2022-03-25

}}

A police commissioner should not be confused with a police commissary. In France, Italy, Spain and some Latin American countries "commissary" denotes the head of a single police station (analogous to an inspector or chief inspector in UK and Commonwealth countries). However titles such as commissaire in French, commissario in Italian and comisario in Spanish can mean either commissioner or commissary in English, depending on the context.{{cite web

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|title=How INTERPOL supports France to tackle international crime

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}}{{cite web

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|publisher=The European Network of Policewomen

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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929235751/https://www.enp.eu/countries/spain/

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}}

The Australian Federal Police and the autonomous Australian state and territory police forces are each presided over by a commissioner, who is accountable to constituents through a minister of state. The state of Victoria at one time (during the 19th-century Gold Rush) appointed commissioners for both the metropolitan area and the goldfields. Outranking both was a "chief commissioner"—a title that has survived the disappearance of the earlier junior commissioners. In Victoria, as elsewhere, the second-highest rank is deputy commissioner.{{cite web | url=https://www.afp.gov.au/news-media/media-releases/reece-kershaw-be-sworn-afp-commissioner | title=Reece Kershaw to be sworn in as AFP Commissioner | date=2 October 2019 | access-date=4 December 2020 | archive-date=8 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608113843/https://www.afp.gov.au/news-media/media-releases/reece-kershaw-be-sworn-afp-commissioner | url-status=dead }}

The insignia of rank worn by a commissioner in the Australian Federal Police and the New South Wales Police Force is a crown over a star and crossed and wreathed tipstaves, similar to the insignia of a military full general. In all other civilian forces, the insignia is a crown over crossed and wreathed tipstaves, similar to the insignia of a military lieutenant-general.{{cite web | url=https://www.afp.gov.au/about-us/our-organisation/customs-and-traditions/afp-shoulder-patch-and-rank-insignia | title=The AFP shoulder patch and rank insignia | date=6 April 2016 | access-date=4 December 2020 | archive-date=12 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112195506/https://www.afp.gov.au/about-us/our-organisation/customs-and-traditions/afp-shoulder-patch-and-rank-insignia | url-status=dead }}

{{Main|Commissioner of Police (Brunei)}}

File:Irwan Hambali - 53890896754.jpg

After the proclamation of the 1959 Constitution of Brunei, it was stated that a Commissioner of Police has to be appointed for the Royal Brunei Police Force (RBPF).{{Cite book |last=Sidhu |first=Jatswan S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bry0sOwstIMC&dq=commissioner+of+police+brunei&pg=PA209 |title=Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam |date=2009-12-22 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7078-9 |pages=209 |language=en}} The first commissioner was appointed on 29 September 1959, assuming command of the force.{{Cite book |last=Office |first=Great Britain Colonial |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzkLAQAAMAAJ&dq=police+commissioner+in+brunei&pg=PA121 |title=Brunei |date=1962 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |pages=121 |language=en}} The Commissioner of Police, who oversees the RPB headquarters (the Commissioner's of Police Office) with assistance from the Deputy Commissioner of Police and Secretariat, reports directly to the monarch.{{Cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Larry E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L145DQAAQBAJ&dq=police+commissioner+in+brunei&pg=PA982 |title=Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement |date=2005 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-2649-8 |pages=982 |language=en}}

In Canada, the highest-ranking officer of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and of the Ontario Provincial Police holds the rank of commissioner.{{cite web | url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/rcmp-executive | title=RCMP executive | Royal Canadian Mounted Police | date=22 September 2016 }}{{Cite web | title=Home - Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police | url=https://www.cacp.ca/index.html?asst_id=1781 | access-date=2025-03-31 | website=www.cacp.ca}}

In the province of Alberta, the Police Act requires the municipality to appoint police commissioners that are required to provide public oversight of the police. In Alberta's capital city, Edmonton, there are nine commissioners, including two city councillors and seven city-appointed members, the object being to "provide civilian oversight for the police service".[http://www.edmontonpolicecommission.com/uploads/bylaw.pdf Bylaw 14040: Edmonton Police Commission Bylaw] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928014507/http://www.edmontonpolicecommission.com/uploads/bylaw.pdf |date=2013-09-28 }} at Edmonton Police Commission The commissioners appoint and oversee a chief of police, to whom is delegated the day-to-day management of the force.[http://www.edmontonpolicecommission.com/content.php?typeID=2&pageID=17&tertID=15 Appointment of the Chief of Police] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928014509/http://www.edmontonpolicecommission.com/content.php?typeID=2&pageID=17&tertID=15 |date=2013-09-28 }} at Edmonton Police Commission

In reference to the police of France and other French-speaking countries, the rank of commissaire is a rank equating to somewhere in between the British police ranks of superintendent and chief superintendent.{{cite web | url=https://www.cidj.com/metiers/commissaire-de-police | title=Commissaire de police }} The rank above is called "divisional commissioner". This is sometimes equated to a chief superintendent, but can in some cases hold a similar function to a Deputy Chief Constable. A former intermediate rank of "principal commissioner" was abolished in 2006.

The second-highest career bracket in German law enforcement leads to the rank of police commissioner or Kommissar. Training encompasses three years in a police academy (graduating as Diplom-Verwaltungswirt or bachelor of public administration). The highest possible rank within this career bracket is that of Erster Polizeihauptkommissar or Erster Kriminalhauptkommissar. The work of a Kommissar, in general, centers on investigation of felonies, depending on the branch of police and department to which he belongs, similar to the equivalent of an inspector in British-styled police forces. Roughly equivalent to a British commissioner would be (Landes-) Polizeipräsident or Inspekteur der Polizei, titles that differ between police forces in Germany.{{Cite web | url=https://saint-claire.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/UK-German-Rank-Comparison.pdf | title=UK-German Rank Comparison | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125022922/http://saint-claire.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/UK-German-Rank-Comparison.pdf | archive-date=2016-01-25 }}

{{Main|Commissioner of Police (Hong Kong)}}

The head of the Hong Kong Police (Royal Hong Kong Police Force 1969 to 30 June 1997) force has used this title since 1938.{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/18/world/asia/18reuters-hongkong-protests-police.html |work=The New York Times |date=18 November 2019 |access-date= 18 November 2019 |title= China's State Council Appoints New Police Chief in Hong Kong}}

{{cite web | url=https://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/772/eng/f04.htm | title=Features }}

The National Police of Iceland employs a national commissioner ({{langx|is|Ríkislögreglustjóri}}) (four-star-rank) that is the head of 15 districts across Iceland. The commissioner is not an experienced police officer. Most police chiefs in Iceland are educated lawyers, not experienced police officers.{{cite web | url=https://www.logreglan.is/english/ | title=English | date=29 December 2014 }}{{Failed verification|date=March 2025}}

Of the 15 districts in the Icelandic police, each has its own police chief and is headed by the national commissioner. The minister of judicial affairs is in charge of law enforcement in Iceland.

The garda commissioner is the officer overseeing the Garda Síochána, the national police force.{{cite web | url=https://www.garda.ie/en/about-us/our-departments/offices-of-the-commissioner-deputy-commissioners-and-cao/#:~:text=Office%20of%20the%20Garda%20Commissioner,the%20activities%20of%20the%20Service | title=Offices of the Garda Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner and CAO }}

File:CP Meeran Borwankar.jpg, India, in 2010: Her insignia indicates her rank of Director General of Police or Additional Director General of Police.|177x177px]]

{{main|Commissioner of Police (India)}}

In India, the commissioner of police designation is held by different ranks of Indian Police Service officers at different places. The Commissioner of Police holds a pivotal role as the head of city police forces in India.

For example, it is held by a Director General of Police (DGP) rank officer in Delhi and Kolkata; and by an Additional Director General of Police (ADGP) rank officer in Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Lucknow, Kanpur, Varanasi, Prayagraj (Allahabad),Gautam Budh Nagar, and Surat; by Inspector General of Police (IGP) officer in Cyberabad Metropolitan Police, Gurgaon, Pune, Nashik, Coimbatore, Madurai, Thane, Howrah, Siliguri, Trivandrum, and Cochin; and by Deputy Inspector General of Police officer in Bidhannagar, Kozhikode and in many small cities.

In the Indonesian National Police, the four levels of commissioner are police chief commissioner (komisaris besar polisi), police deputy chief commissioner (ajun komisaris besar polisi), police commissioner (komisaris polisi), and police deputy commissioner (ajun komisaris polisi). Due to strong military influence in its history, even now, police ranks can be compared to the ranks of the Indonesian military. The four commissioner ranks are equivalent to the Indonesian military ranks of colonel, lieutenant colonel, major, and captain, respectively.https://jhuliplanejados.com.br/forum/commissioner-police-8b2a76 {{Dead link|date=February 2022 | fix-attempted=yes}}

In the Italian Police, a commissioner (commissario) is the superintendent of a commissariato, a police station/detachment that can either serve an entire township of small or medium dimensions, or a limited area in a metropolitan city.{{Cite web | title=Italian Police Hierarchy {{!}} Hierarchy | url=https://www.hierarchystructure.com/italian-police-hierarchy/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109015114/http://www.hierarchystructure.com:80/italian-police-hierarchy/ | access-date=2025-03-31 | archive-date=2013-01-09}}

The Japanese Prefectural police forces used this rank, and it was formerly known as chief superintendent. The rank holders assumed the responsibility of being a chief of the prefectural police force. It was lower than a senior commissioner and higher than a superintendent.

The commissioner of police in Japan is equivalent to an army major general.

In the Royal Malaysia Police, states of Sabah and Sarawak contingent are led by police commissioner than rest of the states in Malaysia, a special status for two states.{{cite web| url = https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/08/28/sarawak-police-will-assist-in-sabah-state-elections-if-required-says-bukit/1898158| title = Sarawak police will assist in Sabah state elections if required, says Bukit Aman CID chief {{!}} Malaysia {{!}} Malay Mail| date = 28 August 2020}}

In the Malta Police Force, the commissioner of police is the head of the police department, responsible for its entire management and control.{{Cite web|url=https://pulizija.gov.mt/en/police-force/Pages/Commissioner-of-Police.aspx|title=Commissioner of Police|website=pulizija.gov.mt|language=en|access-date=2018-09-20|archive-date=2018-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821160540/https://pulizija.gov.mt/en/police-force/Pages/Commissioner-of-Police.aspx|url-status=dead}} Since 2016, a chief executive officer at the Malta Police Force was appointed, to work alongside the commissioner of police to implement the Police Force Vision.{{Cite web|url=https://homeaffairs.gov.mt/en/MHAS-Information/Job%20Opportunities/Pages/2016/Position-Of-Chief-Executive-Officer-At-The-Malta-Police-Force-In-The-Ministry-For-Home-Affairs-And-National-Security.aspx|title=Position Of Chief Executive Officer At The Malta Police Force In The Ministry For Home Affairs And National Security|website=homeaffairs.gov.mt|language=en|access-date=2018-09-20|archive-date=2018-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920161339/https://homeaffairs.gov.mt/en/MHAS-Information/Job%20Opportunities/Pages/2016/Position-Of-Chief-Executive-Officer-At-The-Malta-Police-Force-In-The-Ministry-For-Home-Affairs-And-National-Security.aspx|url-status=dead}}

{{main|Commissioner of Police (Mauritius)}}

In the Republic of Mauritius, the commissioner of police is the head of the national law enforcement agency called the Mauritius Police Force (MPF), which is responsible for policing on mainland Mauritius, Rodrigues, and other outer islands. The position dates back to 1767, when Antoine Codère was the first commissioner of police.{{cite web |title=History of MPF |url=http://police.govmu.org/English/AboutUs/Pages/History1111-837.aspx |publisher=Government of Mauritius |access-date=2020-07-12}}

The commissioner operates under the aegis of the Home Affairs Division of the prime minister's office and the MPF employs around 12,500 police officers, who are posted at the eight divisions and 14 branches.{{cite web |title=Distribution of MPF |url=http://police.govmu.org/English/AboutUs/Pages/Distribution-of-the-MPF.aspx |publisher=Government of Mauritius |access-date=2020-07-12}}

The first chief commissioner is the head of the National Police Corps. The commissioner is appointed by the Crown, and reports to the minister of Justice and Security. The commissioner is the highest-ranking sworn police member in the country.{{cite web | url=https://www.government.nl/topics/police/organisation-of-the-dutch-police | title=Organisation of the Dutch police - Police - Government.nl | date=21 November 2011 }}

{{main|Commissioner of Police (New Zealand)}}

The commissioner of police is the head of the New Zealand Police. The commissioner is appointed for a five-year term by the governor-general, and reports to the minister of police.{{cite web|url=http://www.police.govt.nz/about/structure.html|title=About us - Structure|publisher=New Zealand Police|access-date=2008-10-10}}{{cite web |title=Policing Act 2008 No 72 |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2008/0072/latest/whole.html#DLM1102191 |access-date=9 March 2020 |website=New Zealand Legislation |publisher=Parliamentary Counsel Office}} The position combines two functions, that of chief constable in charge of policing and cases, and chief executive responsible for assets and budgeting.{{cite web|title=Govt appoints new Police Commissioner|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10691048|date=30 November 2010|work=The New Zealand Herald|access-date=9 April 2011}} The rank insignia is a sword and a rectangular cylinder crossed over each other with a single crown above.{{Cite web |title=Police insignia |url=https://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/history/insignia |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=New Zealand Police |language=en}} In military terms, the rank is equivalent to Lieutenant General.{{cite web|url=http://www.police.govt.nz/about/insignia.html|title=Insignia of rank|publisher=New Zealand Police|access-date=2009-01-20}}

The Police Force Act 1886 split the police from the standing army and militia on 1 September 1886. Sir George Whitmore was appointed as the first commissioner, reporting to the minister of defence.{{harv|Hill|1995|p=7}} Early commissioners came from the United Kingdom with military or law-enforcement experience, such as Walter Dinnie, who had served as inspector at Scotland Yard.

According to the Public Service Commission, from 2021 to 2024 then Commissioner of Police, Andrew Coster received a yearly salary of $670,000, making him tied for the sixth-highest pay among public sector leaders.{{Cite web |last=Daly |first=Michael |date=2024-11-21 |title=How the police commissioner's salary compares to other public and private sector leaders |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/nz-news/360495402/how-police-commissioners-salary-compares-other-public-and-private-sector-leaders |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.stuff.co.nz}}

In Nigeria, a commissioner of police is the head of an entire state branch of the Nigeria Police Force.{{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/nigeria/npf.htm|title = Nigeria Police Force (NPF) - Nigeria Intelligence Agencies}}

In Poland, a commissioner (komisarz) is a relatively low rank, directly above podkomisarz and below nadkomisarz, comparable to a lieutenant of the armed forces.

Historically, in the Civil Police of Portugal, a police commissioner ({{langx|pt|comissário}}) was a divisional commander in the Lisbon and Oporto police forces or the chief of a district police force in the other districts of the country. The chief of each of the Lisbon and Oporto police forces had the title of commissioner general (comissário-geral). With the reorganization of Civil Police and its transformation in the Public Security Police (PSP) in the 1930s, commissioner became a police rank in this force.{{Cite web|url=https://polis.osce.org/country-profiles/portugal|title=Portugal | OSCE POLIS}}

Presently, commissioner is an officer rank in the PSP, roughly equivalent to the military rank of captain. It is above the rank of subcommissioner and below that of superintendent. Commissioners usually have the role of second-in-command of PSP divisions commanded by subintendents.

The rank insignia of a commissioner consists in a dark blue epaulet with three PSP stars (silver six points stars with the "SP" monogram in the center).

In the Romanian Police, similarly to the French Police (see commissaire de police), the rank of commissioner (comisar) is equivalent to the British police rank of superintendent.{{Cite web|url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/partners-agreements/member-states/romania|title = Romania}}

In Spain, a National Police commissioner is the chief of a police station. This rank is called comisario principal. A commissioner exists in the biggest cities, and in smaller cities, the chief of the police is headed by a superintendent. In the Civil Guard, this rank does not exist because it has a military organization.

In England and Wales, outside of Greater London, police and crime commissioners are directly elected officials charged with securing efficient and effective policing of their police area. They are not warranted police officers, although they appoint and hold to account their chief constable. The first police and crime commissioners were elected in November 2012, with the lowest electorate turnout ever in England and Wales.

Historically the title "commissioner" has denoted the professional chief police officer of certain police forces, and that is still the case within Greater London, with the Commissioner of the City of London Police and the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis. Both these commissioners are appointed, not elected, and since the 1950s have been career police officers (as opposed to the previous practice of appointing former British Army officers). Although they were technically

justices of the peace until the 1970s,The Metropolitan Commissioner ceased to be a justice on 1 April 1974 (see [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/15/section/20/enacted section 20] (commencement)) by virtue of [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/15/part/I/enacted section 1(9)(a)] of the Administration of Justice Act 1973 (as in [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/15/schedule/1/enacted para 10, Schedule 1] to the Act), and the City Commissioner ceased to be a justice before 1973 by [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/69/schedule/5/enacted Part 2 of Schedule 5] to the Justices of the Peace Act 1968. the commissioners have always worn a similar uniform to police officers, and have been treated similarly in terms of pay and terms of service.{{Cite web|url=https://www.apccs.police.uk/role-of-the-pcc/|title = Role of the PCC}}

Some U.S. police agencies use the title "commissioner" for the head of a police department or state agency. The term may refer to:

• The commanding officer of a police agency, such as for the California Highway Patrol, the Baltimore Police Department, and the Metropolitan Police Department of St. Louis.
• A civilian manager of a police agency, such as for the New York City Police Department, Boston Police Department, and Nassau County Police Department.{{Cite web | title=NYPD commissioner heading for the exit amid corruption scandal surrounding Mayor Adams - POLITICO | website=Politico | url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/10/10/nypd-commissioner-resign-eric-adams-00183274 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122162223/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/10/10/nypd-commissioner-resign-eric-adams-00183274 | access-date=2025-03-31 | archive-date=2024-11-22}}{{Cite web | title=Office of the Police Commissioner – Boston Police Department | url=https://police.boston.gov/opc | access-date=2025-03-31 | website=police.boston.gov}}
• A member of a board of civilians who oversee a police agency, such as for the Los Angeles Police Department and Detroit Police Department{{Cite web|title = Board of Police Commissioners {{!}} Boards {{!}} City of Detroit MI|url = http://www.detroitmi.gov/Boards/BoardOfPoliceCommissioners|website = www.detroitmi.gov|access-date = 2015-12-31}}{{Cite web | url=https://npdf.org/wp-content/uploads//2022/11/Biography-of-Commissioner-Bio-Patrick-Ryder.pdf | title=Police Commissioner Patrick J. Ryder - Nassau County Police Department | website=npdf.org}}

• Sheriff
• Police and Crime Commissioner
• Chief Constable (UK)
• Chief of police (United States and Canada)
• Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (Greater London)
• Commissioner of Police for the City of London
• Commissioner of Police (Hong Kong)
• Police Commissioner of Mumbai
• Police Commissioner of New Delhi
• Commissioner of Police (New Zealand)
• Commissioner of Police (Singapore)
• Police Commissioner (New York City)
• Police Commissioner (City of St. Louis)
• Commissaire de police

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Police Commissioner}}

Commissioner