Polignac's conjecture

In number theory, Polignac's conjecture was made by Alphonse de Polignac in 1849 and states:{{cite journal |last1=de Polignac |first1=A. |title=Recherches nouvelles sur les nombres premiers |journal=Comptes rendus |date=1849 |volume=29 |pages=397–401 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015035450967&view=1up&seq=411 |trans-title=New research on prime numbers |language=French}}

From p. 400: "1^er Théorème. Tout nombre pair est égal à la différence de deux nombres premiers consécutifs d'une infinité de manières … " (1st Theorem. Every even number is equal to the difference of two consecutive prime numbers in an infinite number of ways … )

:For any positive even number n, there are infinitely many prime gaps of size n. In other words: There are infinitely many cases of two consecutive prime numbers with difference n.{{Citation | last1=Tattersall | first1=J.J. | title=Elementary number theory in nine chapters | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGgLbf2oFUYC | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-85014-8 | year=2005}}, p. 112

Although the conjecture has not yet been proven or disproven for any given value of n, in 2013 an important breakthrough was made by Yitang Zhang who proved that there are infinitely many prime gaps of size n for some value of n < 70,000,000.{{cite journal | title = Bounded gaps between primes | first = Yitang | last = Zhang | journal = Annals of Mathematics | volume = 179 | year = 2014 | pages = 1121–1174 | doi=10.4007/annals.2014.179.3.7 | issue=3 | mr=3171761 | zbl=1290.11128| doi-access = free }} {{subscription required}}{{cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2014-01-mathematical-puzzle-unraveled.html |title=Unheralded Mathematician Bridges the Prime Gap |last1=Klarreich |first1=Erica |date=19 May 2013 |website= Simons Science News |publisher= |accessdate=21 May 2013}} Later that year, James Maynard announced a related breakthrough which proved that there are infinitely many prime gaps of some size less than or equal to 600.{{cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2014-01-mathematical-puzzle-unraveled.html |title= An old mathematical puzzle soon to be unraveled? |last1=Augereau |first1=Benjamin |date=15 January 2014 |website= Phys.org |publisher= |accessdate=10 February 2014}} As of April 14, 2014, one year after Zhang's announcement, according to the Polymath project wiki, n has been reduced to 246.{{cite web|url=http://michaelnielsen.org/polymath1/index.php?title=Bounded_gaps_between_primes|title=Bounded gaps between primes|publisher=Polymath|accessdate=2014-03-27}} Further, assuming the Elliott–Halberstam conjecture and its generalized form, the Polymath project wiki states that n has been reduced to 12 and 6, respectively.{{cite web|url=http://michaelnielsen.org/polymath1/index.php?title=Bounded_gaps_between_primes|title=Bounded gaps between primes|publisher=Polymath|accessdate=2014-02-21}}

For n = 2, it is the twin prime conjecture. For n = 4, it says there are infinitely many cousin primes (p, p + 4). For n = 6, it says there are infinitely many sexy primes (p, p + 6) with no prime between p and p + 6.

Dickson's conjecture generalizes Polignac's conjecture to cover all prime constellations.

Conjectured density

Let $\pi_n(x)$ for even n be the number of prime gaps of size n below x.

The first Hardy–Littlewood conjecture says the asymptotic density is of form

: $\pi_n(x) \sim 2 C_n \frac{x}{(\ln x)^2} \sim 2 C_n \int_2^x {dt \over (\ln t)^2}$

where C_n is a function of n, and $\sim$ means that the quotient of two expressions tends to 1 as x approaches infinity.{{citation

| last1 = Bateman | first1 = Paul T. | author1-link = Paul T. Bateman

| last2 = Diamond | first2 = Harold G.

| isbn = 981-256-080-7

| page = 313

| publisher = World Scientific

| title = Analytic Number Theory

| year = 2004

| zbl=1074.11001}}.

C₂ is the twin prime constant

: $C_2 = \prod_{p\ge 3} \frac{p(p-2)}{(p-1)^2} \approx 0.66016 18158 46869 57392 78121 10014\dots$

where the product extends over all prime numbers p ≥ 3.

C_n is C₂ multiplied by a number which depends on the odd prime factors q of n:

: $C_n = C_2 \prod_{q|n} \frac{q-1}{q-2}.$

For example, C₄ = C₂ and C₆ = 2C₂. Twin primes have the same conjectured density as cousin primes, and half that of sexy primes.

Note that each odd prime factor q of n increases the conjectured density compared to twin primes by a factor of $\tfrac{q-1}{q-2}$ . A heuristic argument follows. It relies on some unproven assumptions so the conclusion remains a conjecture. The chance of a random odd prime q dividing either a or a + 2 in a random "potential" twin prime pair is $\tfrac{2}{q}$ , since q divides one of the q numbers from a to a + q − 1. Now assume q divides n and consider a potential prime pair (a, a + n). q divides a + n if and only if q divides a, and the chance of that is $\tfrac{1}{q}$ . The chance of (a, a + n) being free from the factor q, divided by the chance that (a, a + 2) is free from q, then becomes $\tfrac{q-1}{q}$ divided by $\tfrac{q-2}{q}$ . This equals $\tfrac{q-1}{q-2}$ which transfers to the conjectured prime density. In the case of n = 6, the argument simplifies to: If a is a random number then 3 has a probability of 2/3 of dividing a or a + 2, but only a probability of 1/3 of dividing a and a + 6, so the latter pair is conjectured twice as likely to both be prime.

Notes

References

Alphonse de Polignac, [https://books.google.com/books?id=O6EKAAAAYAAJ Recherches nouvelles sur les nombres premiers]. Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (1849)
{{MathWorld|urlname=dePolignacsConjecture|title=de Polignac's Conjecture}}
{{MathWorld|urlname=k-TupleConjecture|title=k-Tuple Conjecture}}

Category:Conjectures about prime numbers

Category:Unsolved problems in number theory