Polivanov system

{{Short description|System of transcription of the Japanese language into Russian Cyrillic script}}

{{more citations needed|date=May 2024}}

{{Japanese writing}}

Polivanov system is a system of transliterating the Japanese language into Russian Cyrillic script, either to represent Japanese proper names or terms in Russian or as an aid to Japanese language learning in {{vague|text=those languages.|reason=No antecedent: which languages?|date=October 2024}} The system was developed by Yevgeny Polivanov in 1917.

In terms of spelling the system is a middle ground between Kunrei-shiki and Hepburn romanisations, matching the former everywhere except for morae hu and tu, which are spelled as in Hepburn (fu and tsu), moras starting with z (which are spelled with dz, as in archaic Hepburn, but following the consistency of Kunrei-shiki with Jun being spelled as Dzyun) and syllabic n, which is changed to m before b, p and m as in traditional Hepburn.

The following cyrillization system for Japanese is known as the Yevgeny Polivanov system. Note that it has its own spelling conventions and does not necessarily constitute a direct phonetic transcription of the pronunciation into the standard Russian usage of the Cyrillic alphabet.

Main table

Hiragana and Katakana to Polivanov cyrillization correspondence table, for single/modified kana.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

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! colspan="2"|Kana!!Cyrillic!!Hepburn

аa
каka
саsa
таta
наna
хаha
маma
яya
раra
ваwa
ン|
н|
n
colspan="4"|
гаga
дзаza
даda
баba
паpa

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! colspan="2"|Kana!!Cyrillic!!Hepburn

и/йi
киki
сиshi
тиchi
ниni
хиhi
миmi
colspan="4" |  
риri
виwi
colspan="4" |  
colspan="4" |
гиgi
дзиji
дзиji
биbi
пиpi

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! colspan="2"|Kana!!Cyrillic!!Hepburn

уu
куku
суsu
цуtsu
нуnu
фуfu
муmu
юyu
руru
colspan="4" |  
colspan="4" |  
colspan="4" |
гуgu
дзуzu
дзуzu
буbu
пуpu

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! colspan="2"|Kana!!Cyrillic!!Hepburn

эe
кэke
сэse
тэte
нэne
хэhe
мэme
colspan="4" |  
рэre
вэwe
colspan="4" |  
colspan="4" |
гэge
дзэze
дэde
бэbe
пэpe

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! colspan="2"|Kana!!Cyrillic!!Hepburn

оo
коko
соso
тоto
ноno
хоho
моmo
ёyo
роro
воwo
colspan="4" | 
colspan="4" |
гоgo
дзоzo
доdo
боbo
поpo

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! colspan="2"|Kana!!Cyrillic!!Hepburn

きゃキャкяkya
しゃシャсяsha
ちゃチャтяcha
にゃニャняnya
ひゃヒャхяhya
みゃミャмяmya
りゃリャряrya
ぎゃギャгяgya
じゃジャдзяja
ぢゃヂャдзяja
びゃビャбяbya
ぴゃピャпяpya

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! colspan="2"|Kana!!Cyrillic!!Hepburn

きゅキュкюkyu
しゅシュсюshu
ちゅチュтюchu
にゅニュнюnyu
ひゅヒュхюhyu
みゅミュмюmyu
りゅリュрюryu
ぎゅギュгюgyu
じゅジュдзюju
ぢゅヂュдзюju
びゅビュбюbyu
ぴゅピュпюpyu

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! colspan="2"|Kana!!Cyrillic!!Hepburn

きょキョкёkyo
しょショсёsho
ちょチョтёcho
にょニョнёnyo
ひょヒョхёhyo
みょミョмёmyo
りょリョрёryo
ぎょギョгёgyo
じょジョдзёjo
ぢょヂョдзёjo
びょビョбёbyo
ぴょピョпёpyo

Syllabic n (ん/ン) is spelled м (m) before b, p, m, and spelled нъ before vowels.

Grammar particles は and へ are written ва and э. Syllable を is written either во or о depending on pronunciation (albeit о is more preferred).

Diphthongs

It is permitted to use й instead of и in diphthongs (e.g. shinjitai → синдзитай, seinen → сэйнэн). However, и is always used on a morpheme clash: Kawai (kawa + i) → Каваи.

Yevgeny Polivanov recommended (but not prescribed as mandatory) to use й for Sino-Japanese (on'yomi) words, and и for native Japanese (kun'yomi) words. Another Polinanov's recommendation is to spell the diphthong ei as a long vowel э:, but this recommendation is almost never followed in practice. Instead, long vowel ē in the name ending -bē is often transliterated as -эй, e.g. Gonbē → Гомбэй.

Geminate consonants

Consonants are geminated exactly as they are in romaji: e.g. -kk- > -кк-.

Long vowels

Long vowels may be marked by macron as in Hepburn, but since letter ё has a diacritical mark already it is permitted and much more common to mark long vowels by using a colon (e.g. сё:гун). The sequence ei may be written э:, эй or эи. In regular texts long vowels are usually unmarked.

Vowel omission

Normally, vowels in the Polivanov system are always spelled, even if they are not pronounced. However, the voiceless u in the name ending -suke may be omitted:

Ryūnosuke → Рюноскэ.

Some translators tend to omit voiceless u in all cases when su (and, less often, tsu) is followed by a k-syllable, e.g. AkatsukiАкацки, DaisukiДайски. However, this omission is considered non-standard.

Another non-standard (if not controversial) practice is omitting the voiceless u at the end of words, mostly in desu → дэс and masu → мас. This spelling can be found in some learning materials, but most professional translators oppose it, because native speakers may pronounce su at the end of the word with a distinctive u sound (especially in "feminine" speech).

Common mistakes and deviations

In English texts, Japanese names are written with the Hepburn system. Attempts may be made to transcribe these as if they were English, rather than following a dedicated Japanese Cyrillization scheme.

A common example of this is attempting to transcribe shi (Polivanov: си) as ши and ji (Polivanov: дзи) as джи. This is inadvisable for use in Russian, because ши is actually pronounced like шы in Russian, and джи like джы, thus making the vowel ({{IPA|/ɨ/}}) closer to Japanese {{IPA|/u/}} than to Japanese {{IPA|/i/}}. Whereas, щи would have a correct vowel sound, but be pronounced more like Japanese {{not a typo|sshi}}.

Equally often, people transcribe cha, chi, chu, cho as ча, чи, чу, чо. This is phonetically correct, but does not conform with the Polivanov scheme (тя, ти, тю, тё), which more closely resembles the Kunrei-shiki romanisations (tya, ti, tyu, tyo) for these particular characters.

Sometimes е, rather than э, is used for e, despite е being pronounced ye in Russian (though not in other languages). This is typically not done in the initial position, despite older romanisations such as "Yedo" doing so. In any case, it does not conform with the Polivanov scheme, although it is seen as more acceptable for words that are in general use (e.g. kamikaze > камикадзе instead of камикадзэ). Replacing ё (yo) with е (ye) is incorrect, however, as it will change the Japanese word too much.

The sound yo (Polivanov: ё), when in the initial position or after a vowel, is often written as йо (yo), which has the same pronunciation: Ёкосука -> Йокосука (Yokosuka), Тоёта -> Тойота (Toyota). Although, the spelling "йо" is not common in Russian words, these are more generally accepted for Japanese names than the transliterations using "ё". "Ё" is not often used in Japanese Cyrillization due to its facultative use in the Russian language (and possible substitution with the letter "Е" which would affect the pronunciation), but for professional translators, the use of ё is mandatory.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} Some personal names beginning with "Yo" (or used after a vowel) are written using "Ё" (e.g. Йоко for Yoko Ono, but Ёко for Yoko Kanno and all other Yokos).

Exceptions

Some proper names, for historical reasons, do not follow the above rules. For example, the geographical names of Japan in Russian are transmitted according to special instructions for the transfer of geographical names (other language names, for example from the Ainu language, do not fall under the Polivanov system).[https://books.google.com/books?id=4amxAAAAIAAJ Инструкция по русской передаче географических названий Японии] Other Japanese names and concepts were adapted into Russian from other languages (for example, under the influence of Hepburn or other transliteration systems). Those include but are not limited to:{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

class="wikitable"

|+Examples

!English (Rōmaji)

!Russian spelling

!Cyrillization

!Japanese

Japan (Nihon, Nippon)

|Япония

|Нихон, Ниппон

|日本 (にほん, にっぽん)

Tokyo (Tōkyō)

|Токиo

|То:кё:

|東京 (とうきょう)

Kyoto (Kyōto)

|Киото

|Кё:то

|京都 (きょうと)

Yokohama

|Иокогама (also Йокохама)

|Ёкохама

|横浜 (よこはま)

Yokosuka

|Йокосука

|Ёкосука

|横須賀 (よこすか)

Toyota

|Тойота (Тоёта in older publications)

|Тоёта

|トヨタ (originally: 豊田)

jujitsu (jūjutsu)

|джиу-джитсу

|дзю:дзюцу

|柔術 (じゅうじゅつ)

yen (en)

|иена

|эн

|円 (えん)

See also

References

{{reflist}}