Polychlorinated carbazoles
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File:Polychlorinated carbazoles structure.svg
Polychlorinated carbazoles (PCCZ) are a group of chlorinated organic compounds. They are derivatives of carbazole and nitrogen analogues of polychlorinated dibenzofurans.
Polychlorinated carbazoles usually occur as a mixture of various isomers. This mixture can have a certain frequency pattern (congener pattern) from which conclusions can be drawn about the causes of formation.
PCCZs are not manufactured purposefully. They are formed under certain conditions as by-products of thermal processes. In environmental samples, mixed halogenated carbazoles are also found.M. Pena-Abaurrea, K. J. Jobst, R. Ruffolo, L. Shen, R. McCrindle, P. A. Helm, E. J. Reiner: Identification of Potential Novel Bioaccumulative and Persistent Chemicals in Sediments from Ontario (Canada) Using Scripting Approaches with GC×GC-TOF MS Analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2014, 48(16), 9591–9599, {{doi|10.1021/es5018152}}.J. Guo, D. Chen, D. Potter, K. J. Rockne, N. C. Sturchio, J. P. Giesy, A. Li: Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Sediments of Lake Michigan: A New Discovery. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2014, 48(21), 12807–12815, {{doi|10.1021/es503936u}}.
class="wikitable floatright"
|+ congeners ! Chlorine atoms !! PCCZ isomers | |
1 | {{0|00}}4 |
2 | {{0}}16 |
3 | {{0}}28 |
4 | {{0}}38 |
5 | {{0}}28 |
6 | {{0}}16 |
7 | {{0|00}}4 |
8 | {{0|00}}1 |
Total | 135 |
Further reading
- Juliane Kirst: Synthesis of polyhalogenated carbazoles and total synthesis of amaryllidaceae alkaloids pratosine and hippadine. Dissertation, Dresden, 2009. (in German) DNB-IDN [https://d-nb.info/100727316X/34 100727316X/34]
- {{citation|author=Victor Turoski|title=Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds in the Paper Industry|publisher=CRC Press|year=1997|language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0jp19ydx1cC&pg=PA96|page=96|isbn=9781575040660}}
- Liu, Hongyan; Yi, Zhongsheng; Mo, Lingyun: [http://sioc-journal.cn/Jwk_hxxb/EN/abstract/abstract329822.shtml Thermodynamic Properties of Polychlorinated Carbazoles by Density Functional Theory.] In: Acta Chim. Sinica, 2009, 67(14), 1626–1634.