Polygonaceae 

Polygonaceae are very well-defined and have long been universally recognized. In the APG III system, the family is placed in the order Caryophyllales.{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free|hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }} Within the order, it lies outside of the large clade known as the core Caryophyllales.{{cite journal |last1=Brockington |first1=Samuel F. |last2=Alexandre |first2=Roolse |last3=Ramdial |first3=Jeremy |last4=Moore |first4=Michael J. |last5=Crawley |first5=Sunny |last6=Dhingra |first6=Amit |last7=Hilu |first7=Khidir |last8=Soltis |first8=Douglas E. |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |year=2009 |title=Phylogeny of the Caryophyllales sensu lato: Revisiting hypotheses on pollination biology and perianth differentiation in the core Caryophyllales |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49132 |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=170 |issue=5 |pages=627–643 |doi=10.1086/597785 |hdl=10919/49132 |s2cid=58921387 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2020-09-15 |archive-date=2023-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120084848/https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/49132 |url-status=live }} It is a sister to the family Plumbaginaceae, which it does not resemble morphologically.Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below).

File:Polygonum plebeium W IMG 0462.jpg or small knotweed]]

The last comprehensive revision of the family was published in 1993 by John Brandbyge as part of The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Brandbyge followed earlier systems of plant classification in dividing Polygonaceae into two subfamilies, Eriogonoideae and Polygonoideae. Since 1993, the circumscriptions of these two subfamilies have been changed in light of phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences.{{cite journal |last1=Sanchez |first1=Adriana |last2=Schuster |first2=Tanja M. |last3=Kron |first3=Kathleen A. |year=2009 |title=A large-scale phylogeny of Polygonaceae based on molecular data |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=170 |issue=8 |pages=1044–1055 |doi=10.1086/605121 |s2cid=84694521}} Genera related to Coccoloba and Triplaris were moved from Polygonoideae to Eriogonoideae. The genus Symmeria does not belong to either of these subfamilies because it is a sister to the rest of the family.{{cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=Janelle M. |last2=Sanchez |first2=Adriana |last3=Kron |first3=Kathleen |last4=Luckow |first4=Melissa |year=2010 |title=Placing the woody tropical genera of Polygonaceae: A hypothesis of character evolution and phylogeny |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=97 |issue=8 |pages=1377–1390 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1000022 |pmid=21616890}} Afrobrunnichia might constitute a new subfamily as well.{{cite journal |last1=Sanchez |first1=Adriana |last2=Kron |first2=Kathleen A. |year=2009 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of Afrobrunnichia Hutch. & Dalziel (Polygonaceae) based on three chloroplast genes and ITS |journal=Taxon |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=781–792 |doi=10.1002/tax.583008}}

Brandbyge wrote descriptions for 43 genera of Polygonaceae in 1993. Since then, a few more genera have been erected, and some segregates of Brunnichia, Eriogonum, and Persicaria have been given generic status in major works.Anjen Li, Bojian Bao, Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina, Suk-pyo Hong, John McNeill, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Hideaki Ohba, and Chong-wook Park. 2003. "Polygonaceae" pages 277-350. In: Zhengyi Wu, Peter H. Raven, and Deyuan Hong (editors). Flora of China volume 5. Science Press: Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Some of the genera were found not to be monophyletic and their limits have been revised. These include Ruprechtia, Eriogonum, Chorizanthe, Persicaria, Aconogonon, Polygonum, Fallopia, and Muehlenbeckia.

Image:Ocreae of a Persicaria maculosa 2006-aug-10 Gothenburg Sweden.jpg]]

Most Polygonaceae are perennial herbaceous plants with swollen nodes, but trees, shrubs and vines are also present. The leaves of Polygonaceae are simple, and arranged alternately on the stems. Each leaf has a peculiar pair of fused, sheathing stipules, known as an ochrea. Those species that do not have the nodal ochrea can be identified by their possession of involucrate flower heads. The flowers are normally bisexual, small, and actinomorphic, with a perianth of three to six sepals. After flowering, the sepals often become thickened and enlarged around the developing fruit. Flowers lack a corolla and in some, the sepals are petal-like and colorful. The androecium is composed of three to eight stamens that are normally free or united at the base. The ovary consists of three united carpels that form a single locule, which produces only one ovule. The ovary is superior with basal or free-central placentation. The gynoecium terminates in 1 to 3 styles, each of which ends in a single stigma.Samuel B. Jones and Arlene E. Luchsinger. 1979. Plant systematics. McGraw-Hill series in organismic biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Page 254. {{ISBN|0-07-032795-5}}Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-87893-407-2}}Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). Flowering Plants second edition (2009), pages 155-156. Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}. (see External links below)

File:Persicaria capitata AF crop.jpg or pink knotweed]]

{{As of|2019|March}}, Plants of the World Online accepted 56 genera:{{cite web |title=Polygonaceae Juss. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000532-2 |access-date=17 April 2024}}

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Acanthoscyphus Small
• Afrobrunnichia Hutch. & Dalziel
• Antigonon Endl.
• Aristocapsa Reveal & Hardham
• Atraphaxis L.
• Bactria Yurtseva & Mavrodiev
• Bistorta (L.) Scop.
• Brunnichia Banks ex Gaertn.
• Caelestium {{small|Yurtseva & Mavrodiev}}
• Calligonum L.
• Centrostegia A.Gray
• Chorizanthe R.Br. ex Benth.
• Coccoloba P.Browne
• Dedeckera Reveal & J.T.Howell
• Dodecahema Reveal & C.B.Hardham
• Duma T.M.Schust.
• Enneatypus Herzog
• Eriogonum Michx.
• Eskemukerjea Malick & Sengupta
• Fagopyrum Mill.
• Fallopia Adans.
• Gilmania Coville
• Goodmania Reveal & Ertter
• Gymnopodium Rolfe
• Harfordia Greene & Parry
• Hollisteria S.Watson
• Johanneshowellia Reveal
• Knorringia (Czukav.) Tzvelev
• Koenigia L.
• Lastarriaea Remy
• Leptogonum Benth.
• Magoniella Adr.Sanchez
• Mucronea Benth.
• Muehlenbeckia Meisn.
• Nemacaulis Nutt.
• Neomillspaughia S.F.Blake
• Oxygonum Burch.
• Oxyria Hill
• Oxytheca Nutt.
• Parogonum {{small|(Haraldson) Desjardins & J.P.Bailey}}
• Persicaria Mill.
• Podopterus Bonpl.
• Polygonum L.
• Pteropyrum Jaub. & Spach
• Pterostegia Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
• Pteroxygonum Dammer & Diels
• × Reyllopia {{small|Holub}}
• Reynoutria Houtt.
• Rheum L.
• Rumex L.
• Ruprechtia C.A.Mey.
• Salta Adr.Sanchez
• Sidotheca Reveal
• Stenogonum Nutt.
• Symmeria Benth.
• Systenotheca Reveal & Hardham
• Triplaris Loefl.

{{Div col end}}

• Aconogonon (Meisn.) Rchb. – now included in Koenigia
• Harpagocarpus Hutch. & Dandy - synonym of Fagopyrum
• Homalocladium (F.Muell.) L.H.Bailey – now included in Muehlenbeckia
• Parapteropyrum A.J.Li – now included in Fagopyrum
• Peutalis Raf. – synonym of Persicaria
• Polygonella Michx. – now included in Polygonum
• Rubrivena M.Král – now included in Koenigia

The following phylogenetic tree is based on two papers on the molecular phylogenetics of Polygonaceae.

{{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:120%

|label1=Polygonaceae

|1={{clade

|1=Symmeria

|2={{clade

|1=Afrobrunnichia

|label2=Eriogonoideae

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Brunnichia

|2=Antigonon

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Neomillspaughia

|2=Coccoloba

}}

|2=Podopterus

|3=Leptogonum

|4={{clade

|1=Ruprechtia

|2=Triplaris

}}

|5={{clade

|1=Gymnopodium

|2={{clade

|1=Gilmania

|2={{clade

|1=Pterostegia

|2={{clade

|1=Eriogonum

|2=Chorizanthe

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

|label3=Polygonoideae

|3={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Persicaria

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Bistorta

|2=Rubrivena

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Aconogonon

|2=Koenigia

}}

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Fagopyrum (including Parapteropyrum)

|2={{clade

|1=Calligonum

|2=Pteropyrum

|3=Pteroxygonum

}}

|3={{clade

|1=Oxyria

|2=Rheum

|3=Rumex (including Emex)

}}

|4={{clade

|1=Knorringia

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Atraphaxis

|2=Polygonella

|3=Polygonum

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Reynoutria

|2=Fallopia

|3=Muehlenbeckia

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Wikispecies}}

• [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10717 Polygonaceae] In: [http://www.efloras.org/volume_page.aspx?volume_id=1005&flora_id=1 FNA volume 5] In: [http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1 Family List] In: [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1 Flora of North America] At: [http://www.efloras.org/index.aspx eFloras]
• [http://www.botanicus.org/title/b11904549 Polygonaceae] In: [http://www.botanicus.org/title/b11904549 Genera Plantarum (Jussieu)] At: [http://www.botanicus.org/Search.aspx?searchTerm=Genera%20Plantarum Genera Plantarum] At: [http://www.botanicus.org/Search.aspx?searchTerm=Search%20Botanicus Search] At: Botanicus.org
• [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/genera/polygonaceaegen.html List of Genera in Polygonaceae] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/caryophyllalesweb.htm#Polygonaceae Polygonaceae] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/caryophyllalesweb.htm#Caryophyllales Caryophyllales] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] At: [http://www.mobot.org Missoure Botanical Garden Website]
• [http://data.kew.org/cgi-bin/vpfg1992/genlist.pl?POLYGONACEAE List of genera in family Polygonaceae] At: [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/genlist.html#D Dicotyledons] At: [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/genlist.html List Genera within a Family] At: [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/vascplnt.html Vascular Plant Families and Genera] At: [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/about.do About the Checklist] At: [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do World Checklist of Selected Plant Families] At: [http://epic.kew.org/datasources.htm Data Sources] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910162710/http://epic.kew.org/datasources.htm |date=2012-09-10 }} At: [http://epic.kew.org/index.htm ePIC] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910161005/http://epic.kew.org/index.htm |date=2012-09-10 }} At: [http://www.kew.org/data/ Scientific Databases] At: [http://www.kew.org/ Kew Gardens]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081005115701/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?905 List of genera] At: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120915112332/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?905 Polygonaceae] At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/famlist.pl List of families] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816163915/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/famlist.pl |date=2000-08-16 }} At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en Families and Genera in GRIN] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227004053/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en |date=2013-02-27 }} At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/queries.pl?language=en Queries] At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl GRIN taxonomy for plants]
• [http://www.tolweb.org/non-core_Caryophyllales/20968 non-core Caryophyllales] At: [http://www.tolweb.org/Caryophyllales/20703 Caryophyllales] At: [http://www.tolweb.org/Life_on_Earth/1 Root of the Tree (Life on Earth)] At: [http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ Tree of Life web project]
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&dq=Polygonaceae+Takhtajan&pg=PA155 Polygonaceae] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&q=Flowering+Plants+Takhtajan Flowering Plants (Takhtajan)]
• [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/polygona.htm Polygonaceae] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/ |date=2007-01-03 }} in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ |date=2007-01-03 }} http://delta-intkey.com {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/ |date=2007-01-03 }}
• [http://flowersinisrael.com/FamPolygonaceae.html Family Polygonaceae] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011053239/http://flowersinisrael.com/FamPolygonaceae.html |date=2012-10-11 }} Flowers in Israel
• [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=Polygonaceae&gen=&spec=&flora_search=taxon Polygonaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]

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Category:Caryophyllales families