Polyominoid
{{Short description|3D geometric figure formed from squares}}
In geometry, a polyominoid (or minoid for short) is a set of equal squares in 3D space, joined edge to edge at 90- or 180-degree angles. The polyominoids include the polyominoes, which are just the planar polyominoids. The surface of a cube is an example of a hexominoid, or 6-cell polyominoid, and many other polycubes have polyominoids as their boundaries. Polyominoids appear to have been first proposed by Richard A. Epstein.Epstein, Richard A. (1977), The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic (rev. ed.). Academic Press. {{isbn|0-12-240761-X}}. Page 369.
Classification
90-degree connections are called hard; 180-degree connections are called soft. This is because, in manufacturing a model of the polyominoid, a hard connection would be easier to realize than a soft one.[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027093920/http://geocities.com/jorgeluismireles/polyominoids/ The Polyominoids] (archive of [http://www.geocities.com/jorgeluismireles/polyominoids/ The Polyominoids]) Polyominoids may be classified as hard if every junction includes a 90° connection, soft if every connection is 180°, and mixed otherwise, except in the unique case of the monominoid, which has no connections of either kind. The set of soft polyominoids is equal to the set of polyominoes.
As with other polyforms, two polyominoids that are mirror images may be distinguished. One-sided polyominoids distinguish mirror images; free polyominoids do not.
Enumeration
The table below enumerates free and one-sided polyominoids of up to 6 cells.
| class=wikitable
! !!colspan='4'|Free!!rowspan='2'|One-sided | ||||
| Cells | Soft | Hard | Mixed | Total{{Cite OEIS|1=A075679|2=Number of free polyominoids with n squares}} |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| align=center|1
|align="center" colspan="3"|see above |align=right|1 |align=right|1 | ||||
| align=center|2
|align=right|1 |align=right|1 |align=right|0 |align=right|2 |align=right|2 | ||||
| align=center|3
|align=right|2 |align=right|5 |align=right|2 |align=right|9 |align=right|11 | ||||
| align=center|4
|align=right|5 |align=right|16 |align=right|33 |align=right|54 |align=right|80 | ||||
| align=center|5
|align=right|12 |align=right|89 |align=right|347 |align=right|448 |align=right|780 | ||||
| align=center|6
|align=right|35 |align=right|526 |align=right|4089 |align=right|4650 |align=right|8781 |
Generalization to higher dimensions
In general one can define an n,k-polyominoid as a polyform made by joining k-dimensional hypercubes at 90° or 180° angles in n-dimensional space, where 1≤k≤n.