Polytomella
{{Short description|Genus of algae}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Polytomella agilis.jpg
| image_caption = Polytomella agilis
| taxon = Polytomella
| authority = Aragão
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
- Polytomella agilis
- Polytomella caeca
- Polytomella capuana
- Polytomella magna
- Polytomella papillata
- Polytomella parva
}}
Polytomella is a genus of green algae in the family Dunaliellaceae. It is widespread in freshwater habitats worldwide.{{AlgaeBase genus|name=Polytomella|id=44237}}
Polytomella consists of single, cells that lack cell walls. Cells are ellipsoid, pyriform, or globose, and slightly metabolic (flexible). Cells have four anterior flagella arising from a central papilla. The posterior of the cell is usually rounded, rarely pointed or with spine-like extensions. Although classified as an alga, chloroplasts and pyrenoids are absent and cells instead have vestigial leucoplasts. The cell accumulates starch in its cytoplasm. A single stigma and two to four apical contractile vacuoles are typically present. The single nucleus is located in the central or anterior half of the cell.{{cite book |editor-first1=John D.|editor-last1=Wehr|editor-first2=Robert G.|editor-last2=Sheath|editor-first3=J. Patrick|editor-last3=Kociolek |date= 2014 |edition=2 |title= Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification |last1= Nakada|first1=Takashi| last2=Nozaki |first2=Hisayoshi |chapter= Chapter 6. Flagellate Green Algae |url= |location= |publisher= Elsevier Inc. |pages=265–313|isbn=978-0-12-385876-4 }}
Asexual reproduction occurs by longitudinal, binary division; sexual reproduction is isogamous with the zygotes giving rise to four motile cells.
Polytomella is somewhat similar to Tetrablepharis, another colorless alga with four flagella, but Tetrablepharis has cell walls. Species are distinguished based on morphological characters such as the presence or absence of a papilla, shape of the cells, and position of intracellular features like starch granules.{{cite book|last1=Ettl|first1=H.|editor-last1=Ettl|editor-first1=H.|editor-last2=Gerloff|editor-first2=J.|editor-last3=Heynig|editor-first3=H.|editor-last4=Mollenhauer|editor-first4=D.|date=1983|series=Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa|title=Chlorophyta. 1. Teil / Part 1: Phytomonadina |volume=9|publisher=VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag|pages=XIV + 808|isbn= 978-3-8274-2659-8}}
Evolution
Polytomella is a free-living, flagellated, nonphotosynthetic green alga with a highly reduced, linear fragmented mitochondrial genome.{{cite journal|last1 = Smith|first1 = DR|last2 = Lee|first2 = RW|title = Nucleotide diversity of the colorless green alga Polytomella parva (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta): high for the mitochondrial telomeres, surprisingly low everywhere else.|journal = The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology|date = 2011|volume = 58|issue = 5|pages = 471–3|pmid = 21762422|doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00569.x}}{{cite journal|last1=Inwood|first1=W|last2=Yoshihara|first2=C|last3=Zalpuri|first3=R|last4=Kim|first4=KS|last5=Kustu|first5=S|title=The ultrastructure of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant strain lacking phytoene synthase resembles that of a colorless alga.|journal=Molecular Plant|date=November 2008|volume=1|issue=6|pages=925–37|pmid=19825593|doi=10.1093/mp/ssn046|pmc=2902904}} Polytomella, as it exists today, bears evidence of once having a functional photosynthetic plastid which has over evolutionary time changed such that it would appear now to have no genome or gene expressing mechanisms remaining to it.{{Cite web|title = Plant Phys|url = http://m.plantphysiol.org/content/164/4/1812.long|website = m.plantphysiol.org|accessdate = 2015-09-28}} Having transitioned completely to heterotrophy, Polytomella uses organic acids, alcohols and monosaccharides as its carbon source.{{cite journal|last1=Links|first1=J.|last2=Verloop|first2=A.|last3=Havinga|first3=E.|title=Some growth experiments withPolytoma uvella on synthetic media|journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek|date=December 1961|volume=27|issue=1|pages=76–80|doi=10.1007/BF02538425}}{{cite journal|last1=Cruz|first1=Vidal|last2=Gittleson|first2=Stephen|title=The genus Polytomella: A review of classification, morphology, life cycle, metabolism, and motility|journal=Archiv für Protistenkunde|volume=124|issue=1–2|pages=1–28|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00039365/124/1-2|accessdate=25 September 2015|doi=10.1016/s0003-9365(81)80001-2|year=1981}} Despite being an evolutionary descendant of the green algae, Polytomella is a colourless organism because it has lost its photosynthetic ability.