Pomaderris apetala

File:Pomaderris apetala on university reserve Sandy Bay Tasmania.jpg

Pomaderris is derived from the Greek words poma and derris meaning “a lid” and “skin” respectively, referring to the membranous skin covering the capsules.{{cite book|last1=Umberto Quattrocchi|first1=F.L.S|title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology|date=2000|publisher=CRC Press LLC|location=Florida|page=2145|chapter=M- Q}} The a of apetala means “without”, and petala is derived from the Latin phrase petalum which is currently used in botanical nomenclature for “petals”.{{cite book|last1=Gledhill|first1=David|title=The Names of Plants|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=United Kingdom|edition=3rd|url=http://dl.taq.ir/agriculture/the_names_of_plants_gledhill.pdf}} Therefore apetala means ‘without petals’. Pomaderris apetala was first described in the publication Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen by Jacques - Julien Houtou de Labillardière in 1805.{{cite web|last1=Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria|title=Pomaderris apetala|url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/search?product=APNI&tree.id=3029293&name=Pomaderris+apetala&inc._scientific=&inc.scientific=on&inc._cultivar=&inc._other=&max=100&display=apni&search=true|website=Vascular Plants APNI - Australian Plant Name Index|accessdate=7 March 2018}} Pomaderris apetala Labill. subsp. maritima was first described by N. G. Walsh and F. Coates in the publication New Taxa, New Combinations and an Infrageneric Classification in Pomaderris (Rhamnaceae) in 1997.{{cite journal|last1=Walsh|first1=N.|last2=Coates|first2=F.|title=New taxa, new combinations and an infrageneric classification in Pomaderris (Rhamnaceae)|journal=Muelleria|date=1997|volume=10|pages=27–56|doi=10.5962/p.198418 |s2cid=92278094 |doi-access=free}} The specimen used for this description was collected from the Asbestos Range National Park (now known as Narawntapu National Park{{cite web|last1=Parks and Wildlife Service Tasmania 2014|title=Natawntapu National Park|url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/?base=3665|publisher=Tasmanian Government|accessdate=10 March 2018}}), 1.7 km due south from the northern tip of Badger Head. P. apetala can be confused with P. aspera, which has previously been used as a taxonomic synonym.

Nov. Holl. Pl. 1: 62, t.87 (1805)

File:"Pomaderris apetala" subsp "maritima".jpg

This plant can grow 1- 15m tall in southern Australia, but in New Zealand plants only grow up to 4m tall.{{cite journal|last1=Macphail|first1=M.|title=Fossil Pomaderris apetala-type pollen in North-West Nelson: reflecting extension of wet sclerophyll forests in south-eastern Australia?|journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany|date=1981|volume=19|pages=17–22|doi=10.1080/0028825X.1981.10425185|doi-access=free}} Branchlets are greyish and covered in velvety brown, stellate-pubescent hairs. The trees have characteristic straight, smooth barked stems.{{cite book|last1=Naughton|first1=Peter|title=Forest Trees of Tasmania: Field Guide|date=1995|publisher=Forest Resources|location=Longreach, Tasmania.|page=82|edition=Revised}}

Leaves are narrow-ovate to elliptic in shape, and have slightly serrated margins. Leaves are also stalked and alternately arranged. On the adaxial surface, leaves are dark green with deeply impressed veins. On the abaxial surface, leaves are a pale greyish colour and have prominent veins covered with fine, greyish-brown, dense, sessile star-shaped hairs.

Inflorescence consists of large panicles with pale yellow, cream, or greenish coloured flowers.{{cite book|last1=Gardiner|first1=Jim|title=The Encyclopedia of Flowering Shrubs|date=2011|publisher=Timber Press|location=China|isbn=978-0-88192-823-5|page=287}} Flowers are also small, exist in terminal clusters, have no petals, and have ovaries which are practically inferior. The sepals are persistent, bracts deciduous, and the operculum is membranous. Pedicels are 1-5mm long, inflorescences 5–25 cm long, 2–13 cm wide, hypanthium 1-1.5mm long, and sepals 1.5-2.1mm long. Fruits are 3-celled capsules. These capsules open via 3 valves. Flowering occurs from October to November, and fruits appear from December to January.

Muelleria 10: 34 (1997){{cite web|last1=de Salas|first1=MF|last2=Baker|first2=ML|title=A CENSUS OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF TASMANIA , INCLUDING MACQUARIE ISLAND|url=http://www.tmag.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/154164/2017_Census_of_Tasmanian_Vascular_Plants.pdf|publisher=Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery|accessdate=6 March 2018}}{{cite book|last1=Wiltshire|first1=Rob|last2=Jordan|first2=Greg|title=Tree Flip|date=2009|publisher=School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania & CRC for Forestry}} - coast dogwood or coast rough dogwood (Tasmania),{{cite book|last1=Whiting|first1=Jenny|title=Tasmania's natural flora|date=2004|publisher=Tasmania's Natural Flora Editorial Committee|location=Ulverstone, Tasmania|isbn=0-646-43916-2|page=282}}{{cite book|last1=Wapstra|first1=Hans|last2=Wapstra|first2=Annie|title=The Little Book of Common Names for Tasmanian Plants|date=2005|url=http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Common_names_booklet.pdf|publisher=Biodiversity Conservation Branch of the Department of Primary Industries, Water and the Environment|location=Hobart, Tasmania|isbn=0-7246-6365-7}} Tasman Pomaderris (Victoria){{cite web|last1=The State of Victoria Department of Environment and Primary Industries 2014|title=Advisory list of rare or threatened plants in Victoria—2014|url=https://www.environment.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0021/50448/Advisory-List-of-Rare-or-Threatened-Plants-in-Victoria-2014.pdf|publisher=The State of Victoria Department of Environment and Primary Industries}}

Typically exists as a shrub 1-3m tall. Leaves up to twice as long as wide, about 25-60mm long, and 15-30mm wide. The leaf apex is obtuse. Sparse stellate hairs persist on the adaxial surface.

common dogwood (Tasmania), Grampians Pomaderris (Victoria)

Typically exists as a shrub or tree 2-15m tall. Leaves generally more than twice as long as wide, about 40-110mm long, and 20-30mm wide. The leaf apex is normally acute. The adaxial surface is glabrescent, and is occasionally stellate-pubescent, smooth or wrinkled.

Both subspecies of P. apetala are located within Tasmania and Victoria,{{cite web|last1=Vascular Plants APC - Australian Plant Census|title=Pomaderris apetala|url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/search?product=APC&tree.id=1133571&name=Pomaderris+apetala&inc._scientific=&inc.scientific=on&inc._cultivar=&inc._other=&max=100&display=apc&search=true|publisher=Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria|accessdate=10 March 2018}}{{cite web|last1=The Atlas of Living Australia|title=SUBSPECIES: Pomaderris apetala subsp. maritima|url=http://spatial.ala.org.au/?q=lsid:http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2898832|publisher=The Atlas of Living Australia|accessdate=12 March 2018}}{{cite web|last1=Atlas of Living Australia|title=Pomaderris apetala Labill. subsp. apetala|url=http://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2920451|publisher=Atlas of Living Australia|accessdate=11 March 2018}} however only P. apetala subsp. maritima is located in New Zealand.{{cite web|last1=The Atlas of Living Australia|title=SUBSPECIES: Pomaderris apetala subsp. maritima|url=http://spatial.ala.org.au/?q=lsid:http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2898832|publisher=The Atlas of Living Australia|accessdate=12 March 2018}} In Victoria, P. apetala subsp. apetala is located in the Greater Grampians and Highlands-Southern Fall bioregions,{{cite web|last1=Flora of Victoria|title=Pomaderris apetala subsp. apetala: Distribution|url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/397e2bb1-2964-41fa-a027-cb3c4b883565|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria|accessdate=12 March 2018}} whereas P. apetala subsp. maritima is located within the Gippsland Plain and Wilsons Promontory bioregions.{{cite web|last1=Flora of Victoria|title=Pomaderris apetala subsp. maritima: Distribution|url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/d610df3f-ee90-47e1-a192-cca2b98b4903|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria|accessdate=12 March 2018}} In New Zealand, P. apetala is mostly restricted to the northern island and the northern section of the mainland.{{cite web|last1=The Atlas of Living Australia|title=SUBSPECIES: Pomaderris apetala subsp. maritima|url=http://spatial.ala.org.au/?q=lsid:http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2898832|publisher=The Atlas of Living Australia|accessdate=12 March 2018}} P. apetala subsp. apetala is widespread across Tasmania, whereas P. apetala subsp. maritima is mostly restricted to Flinders Island, and the northern and eastern coasts of Tasmania.{{cite web|last1=Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment|title=Natural Values Atlas: Pomaderris apetala subsp. apetala Search|url=https://www.naturalvaluesatlas.tas.gov.au/#SpeciesObservationAnalysisPage|publisher=Tasmanian Government|accessdate=12 March 2018}}{{cite web|last1=Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment|title=Natural Values Atlas: Pomaderris apetala subsp. maritima Search|url=https://www.naturalvaluesatlas.tas.gov.au/#SpeciesObservationAnalysisPage|publisher=Tasmanian Government|accessdate=12 March 2018}}

P. apetala can be found on the margins of fern gullies and stream edges. P. apetala is also a common riparian species in south eastern Tasmania.{{cite journal|last1=Barmuta|first1=L.|last2=Ratnarajah|first2=L.|title=The effects of leaf toughness on feeding preference by two Tasmanian shredders|journal=Hydrobiologia|date=2009|volume=636|pages=173–178|doi=10.1007/s10750-009-9946-y|s2cid=41972070}}{{cite book|last1=Leech|first1=Mark|title=A Field Guide to Native Flora Used by Honeybees in Tasmania|date=2009|publisher=Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation|location=ACT|isbn=978-1-74151-947-1|page=106|url=https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/09-149.pdf}} P. apetala subsp. maritima has been recorded on low dunes and sea cliffs.

In Tasmania, P. apetala is usually one of the main components of the Tasmanian wet sclerophyll forest understorey. However, P. apetala is known to occur more commonly in wet sclerophyll forests on fertile sites.{{cite journal|last1=Gilbert|first1=J.|title=Forest succession in the Florentine valley, Tasmania|journal=Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania|date=1959|volume=93|pages=129–152}} P. apetala can also form canopies in dry rainforests. These forests tend to reside within fire protected gullies and scree slopes of dryer sites.{{cite book|last1=Pollard|first1=T.J.O|title=The vegetation ecology of Tasmanian dry closed-forest|date=2006|publisher=University of Tasmania|location=Hobart, Tasmania.|url=https://eprints.utas.edu.au/21242/1/whole_PollardThomasJohnOlegas2006_thesis.pdf}} P. apetala has also been recorded within mixed forest and rainforest sites that have been disturbed by logging or fire.{{cite book|last1=Balmer|first1=Jayne|title=Floristic response to landscape context in vascular plant communities in Eucalyptus obliqua and Eucalyptus regnans wet forest, southern Tasmania|date=2016|publisher=University of Tasmania|location=Hobart, Tasmania|url=https://eprints.utas.edu.au/23020/1/Balmer_whole_thesis.pdf}}{{cite book|last1=Kirkpatrick|first1=J.B.|last2=Peacock|first2=R.J.|last3=Cullen|first3=P.J.|last4=Neyland|first4=M.G.|title=The Wet Eucalypt Forests of Tasmania|date=1988|publisher=Tasmanian Conservation Trust, Inc.|location=Tasmania|isbn=0-947291-00-8}}

Pomaderris apetala can be useful for streamside stabilisation due to its good soil binding qualities. The wood of P. apetala can be useful for carving, fine turner’s work, and drawing instruments.{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=A.O.|title=Tasmanian Timbers: Their Qualities and Uses|date=1902|publisher=John Vail, Government Printer|location=Hobart|url=http://digital.slv.vic.gov.au/view/action/singleViewer.do?dvs=1520852690731~585&locale=en_US&metadata_object_ratio=10&show_metadata=true&VIEWER_URL=/view/action/singleViewer.do?&preferred_usage_type=VIEW_MAIN&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=10&frameId=1&usePid1=true&usePid2=true|accessdate=8 March 2018}} P. apetala is also known to have a low flammability, so it can serve as a valuable replacement for highly flammable plants. The low flammability of P. apetala means it can be grown in Building Protection Zones.{{cite web|last1=Tasmanian Fire Service|title=Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas|url=https://www.fire.tas.gov.au/publications/1709%20Brochure.pdf|publisher=Tasmanian Government|accessdate=10 March 2018}} Building Protection Zones, also known as Asset Production Zones,{{cite web|last1=New South Wales Rural Fire Service|title=Standards for asset protection zones 2014|url=https://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/13321/Standards-for-Asset-Protection-Zones.pdf|publisher=Granville, NSW.|accessdate=11 March 2018}} are zones surrounding households in bushfire prone areas that contain minimal fuel loads.{{cite web|last1=Tasmanian Fire Service|title=Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas|url=https://www.fire.tas.gov.au/publications/1709%20Brochure.pdf|publisher=Tasmanian Government|accessdate=10 March 2018}}{{cite web|last1=New South Wales Rural Fire Service|title=Standards for asset protection zones 2014|url=https://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/13321/Standards-for-Asset-Protection-Zones.pdf|publisher=Granville, NSW.|accessdate=11 March 2018}}

File:Dry Rainforest in Deddington .jpg

P. apetala can be propagated from fresh seeds or cuttings of firm young growth. This species is frost hardy, and should be grown in moist, acidic soils that are well drained and have a shady aspect.

There are currently less than 250 mature individuals of P. apetala subsp. maritima in New Zealand. Therefore, the subspecies is considered to be ‘Nationally Critical’ according to the criteria defined by Townsend and colleagues in 2008.{{cite book|last1=Townsend|first1=A.J.|last2=de Lange|first2=P.J.|last3=Norton|first3=D.A.|last4=Molly|first4=J.|last5=Miskelly|first5=C.|last6=Duffy|first6=C.|title=New Zealand Threat Classification Manual|date=2008|publisher=Department of Conservation|location=Wellington}}{{cite web|last1=de Lange|first1=Peter J.|last2=Rolfe|first2=Jeremy R.|last3=Champion|first3=Paul D.|last4=Courtney|first4=Shannel P.|last5=Heenan|first5=Peter B.|last6=Barkla|first6=John W.|last7=Cameron|first7=Ewen K.|last8=Norton|first8=David A.|last9=Hitchmough|first9=Rodney A.|title=Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2012|url=http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/publications/NZTCS-Vascular%20Plants%20-%202013.pdf|publisher=New Zealand Department of Conservation}} Within Victoria, P. apetala subsp. apetala and P. apetala subsp. maritima are considered rare and vulnerable respectively. For this assessment, ‘rare’ is used for taxa that are not considered to be threatened, but have populations that are small in size or confined to a small area. ‘Vulnerable’ is used for taxa that are not presently in danger, but may soon decline because their populations are located in areas threatened by land use change.

P. apetala is also located within three of Tasmania's threatened plant communities currently listed under Tasmania’s Nature Conservation Act 2002. These are Eucalyptus viminalis Wet Forest, Riparian Scrub, and Notelaea-Pomaderris-Beyeria Forest (also known as dry rainforest).{{cite web|last1=Biodiversity Conservation Branch|title=Tasmanian Threatened Native Vegetation Communities: Eucalyptus viminalis wet forest|url=http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/25.%20Eucalyptus%20viminalis%20wet%20forest.pdf|publisher=Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment|accessdate=3 March 2018}}{{cite web|last1=Biodiversity Conservation Branch|title=Tasmanian Threatened Native Vegetation Communities: Notelaea – Pomaderris – Beyeria Forest|url=http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/32%20Notelaea%20Pomaderris%20Beyeria%20forest.pdf|publisher=Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment|accessdate=3 March 2018}}{{cite web|last1=Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water, and the Environment|title=Dry Rainforest|url=http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/conservation/conservation-on-private-land/bush-information-management/identify-your-bush-type/bush-with-a-tree-layer-made-up-of-trees-that-are-not-eucalypts/dry-rainforest|publisher=Tasmanian Government|accessdate=11 March 2018}}

Smooth bark of Pomaderris apetala.jpg|Smooth bark of Pomaderris apetala

Abaxial surface of a Pomaderris apetala leaf.jpg|Abaxial surface of a Pomaderris apetala leaf

Pomaderris apetala with old fruiting bodies.jpg|Pomaderris apetala with old fruiting bodies

Pomaderris apetala flowers and stamens.jpg|Pomaderris apetala with blossoming flowers, photo courtesy of Rob Wiltshire

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite web|title=Pomaderris apetala Labill.|url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2895650#overview|publisher=Atlas of Living Australia}}

{{Use Australian English|date=March 2018}}

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Category:Flora of Tasmania

apetala

Category:Ornamental trees

Category:Trees of Australia