Popular science

{{Short description|Interpretation of science intended for a general audience}}

File:Mary Somerville On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences.jpg

Popular science (also called pop-science or popsci) is an interpretation of science intended for a general audience. While science journalism focuses on recent scientific developments, popular science is more broad ranging. It may be written by professional science journalists or by scientists themselves. It is presented in many forms, including books, film and television documentaries, magazine articles, and web pages.

History

Before the modern specialization and professionalization of science, there was often little distinction between "science" and "popular science", and works intended to share scientific knowledge with a general reader existed as far back as Greek and Roman antiquity.{{cite book |title=Genealogy of Popular Science: From Ancient Ecphrasis to Virtual Reality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sFEAAAQBAJ |first1=Jesús |last1=Muñoz Morcillo |first2=Caroline Y. |last2=Robertson-von Trotha | editor-first1=Jesús | editor-first2=Caroline Y. | editor-last1=Muñoz Morcillo | editor-last2=Robertson-von Trotha |publisher=Verlag |doi=10.1515/9783839448359 |year=2020| isbn=9783839448359 }} Without these popular works, much of the scientific knowledge of the era might have been lost. For example, none of the original works of the Greek astronomer Eudoxus (4th century BC) have survived, but his contributions were largely preserved due to the didactic poem Phenomena written a century later and commented on by Hipparchus. Explaining science in poetic form was not uncommon, and as recently as 1791, Erasmus Darwin wrote The Botanic Garden, two long poems intended to interest and educate readers in botany. Many Greek and Roman scientific handbooks were written for the lay audience,{{cite book | first=William Harris | last=Stahl |title=Roman science: origins, development, and influence to the later Middle Ages | url=https://archive.org/details/romanscienceorig0000stah/page/15/mode/1up?q=laymen |location=Madison |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1962}} and this "handbook" tradition continued right through to the invention of the printing press, with much later examples including books of secrets such as Giambattista Della Porta's Magia Naturalis (1558) and Isabella Cortese's Secreti (1561).

The 17th century saw the beginnings of the modern scientific revolution and the consequent need for explicit popular science writing. Although works such as Galileo's The Assayer (1632) and Robert Hooke's Micrographia (1665) were read by both scientists and the public,{{cite book |doi=10.22459/CS.2020|url=https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/35412 |title=Communicating Science: A Global Perspective |chapter=20 Italy: The long and winding path of science communication |first1 = Giuseppe |last1=Pellegrini |first2=Andrea |last2=Rubin |editor-first1=Toss |editor-first2=Bernard |editor-first3=Joan |editor-first4=Michelle |editor-first5=Bruce V. |editor-first6=Luisa |editor-first7=Peter |editor-last1=Gascoigne |editor-last2=Schiele |editor-last3=Leach |editor-last4=Riedlinger |editor-last5=Lewenstein |editor-last6=Massarani |editor-last7=Broks |publisher= Australian National University Press |year=2020 |pages=469|isbn=9781760463656 |s2cid=230769184 |doi-access=free }}{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9781400865727-004 |title=Life's Engines |chapter=2 Meet the Microbes. Life's Engines: How Microbes Made Earth Habitable |first = Paul G. |last=Falkowski |publisher= Princeton University Press |year=2015 |pages=25–27}} Newton's Principia (1687) was incomprehensible for most readers, so popularizations of Newton's ideas soon followed.{{cite journal |title=The growth of science popularization: a historical sketch |first=Jack |last=Meadows |journal=Impact |volume=144 |pages=341–346 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000071157 |date=1986}} Popular science writing surged in countries such as France, where books such as Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) were best-sellers.{{cite magazine |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/18th-century-writers-created-genre-popular-science-enlightenment-180971481/ |title = How 18th-Century Writers Created the Genre of Popular Science |first= Lorraine |last=Boissoneault |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |date = 13 February 2019}}

By 1830, astronomer John Herschel had recognized the need for the specific genre of popular science. In a letter to philosopher William Whewell, he wrote that the general public needed "digests of what is actually known in each particular branch of science... to give a connected view of what has been done, and what remains to be accomplished."{{Cite journal|last=Holmes|first=Richard|date=22 October 2014|title=In retrospect: On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences|journal=Nature|volume=514|issue=7523|pages=432–433|doi=10.1038/514432a|bibcode=2014Natur.514..432H |s2cid=4453696 |doi-access=free}} Indeed, as the British population became not just increasingly literate but also well-educated, there was growing demand for science titles.{{Cite book |last=Yeo |first=Richard R. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26673878 |title=Defining science : William Whewell, natural knowledge, and public debate in early Victorian Britain |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-43182-4 |location=Cambridge |pages=43–44 |oclc=26673878}} Mary Somerville became an early and highly successful science writer of the nineteenth century. Her On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (1834), intended for the mass audience, sold quite well.{{Cite journal|last=Baraniuk|first=Chris|date=28 June 2017|title=Mary Somerville: Queen of 19th-century science|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31271-X|journal=New Scientist|volume=235|issue=3132|pages=40–1|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31271-X}}{{Cite journal|last=Strickland|first=Elisabetta|date=September 2017|title=Mary Fairfax Somerville, Queen of Science|journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society|volume=64|issue=8|pages=929–31|doi=10.1090/noti1569|doi-access=free}} Arguably one of the first books in modern popular science, it contained few diagrams and very little mathematics. Ten editions of the book were published, and it was translated into multiple languages. It was the most popular science title from the publisher John Murray until On the Origin of Species (1859) by Charles Darwin.

Role

Popular science is a bridge between scientific literature as a professional medium of scientific research, and the realms of popular political and cultural discourse. The goal of the genre is often to capture the methods and accuracy of science while making the language more accessible. Many science-related controversies are discussed in popular science books and publications, such as the long-running debates over biological determinism and the biological components of intelligence, stirred by popular books such as The Mismeasure of Man and The Bell Curve.Murdz William McRae, "Introduction: Science in Culture" in The Literature of Science, pp. 1–3, 10–11

The purpose of scientific literature is to inform and persuade peers regarding the validity of observations and conclusions and the forensic efficacy of methods. Popular science attempts to inform and convince scientific outsiders (sometimes along with scientists in other fields) of the significance of data and conclusions and to celebrate the results. Statements in the scientific literature are often qualified and tentative, emphasizing that new observations and results are consistent with and similar to established knowledge wherein qualified scientists are assumed to recognize the relevance. By contrast, popular science emphasizes uniqueness and generality, taking a tone of factual authority absent from the scientific literature.

Common threads

Some usual features of popular science productions include:

Entertainment value or personal relevance to the audience
Emphasis on uniqueness and radicalness
Exploring ideas overlooked by specialists or falling outside established disciplines
Generalized, simplified science concepts
Presented for an audience with little or no science background, hence explaining general concepts more thoroughly
Synthesis of new ideas that cross multiple fields and offer new applications in other academic specialties
Use of metaphors and analogies to explain difficult or abstract scientific concepts

Criticism

The purpose of scientific literature is to inform and persuade peers regarding the validity of observations and conclusions and the forensic efficacy of methods. Popular science attempts to inform and convince scientific outsiders (sometimes along with scientists in other fields) of the significance of data and conclusions and to celebrate the results. Statements in the scientific literature are often qualified and tentative, emphasizing that new observations and results are consistent with and similar to established knowledge wherein qualified scientists are assumed to recognize the relevance. By contrast, popular science often emphasizes uniqueness and generality and may have a tone of factual authority absent from the scientific literature. Comparisons between original scientific reports, derivative science journalism, and popular science typically reveals at least some level of distortion and oversimplification.{{cite journal |first=Jeanne |last=Fahnestock |title=Accommodating Science: The Rhetorical Life of Scientific Facts |doi=10.1177/0741088386003003001 |journal=Written Communication |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=275–296 |s2cid=146786632 }}

Notes and references

General bibliography

Andreas W. Daum, Varieties of Popular Science and the Transformations of Public Knowledge: Some Historical Reflections". Isis. A Journal of the History of Science Society, 100 (June 2009), 319–332.
McRae, Murdo William (editor). The Literature of Science: Perspectives on Popular Scientific Writing. The University of Georgia Press: Athens, 1993. {{ISBN|0-8203-1506-0}}.

External links

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