Potsdam Sandstone

File:PotsdamSandstone xbeds.jpg]]

The Potsdam Sandstone is named for its type locality in Potsdam, New York, where in 1838 Ebenezer Emmons described it in outcrops along the Raquette River.[http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/NewUnits/unit_3388.html Geologic Unit: Potsdam], U.S. Geological Survey Geolex Database, accessed August 1, 2011James Carl, [http://potsdampublicmuseum.org/subpages/95/110/20/bedrock-geology Potsdam Sandstone: Bedrock Geology], Potsdam Public Museum website, accessed July 29, 2011

The Potsdam Sandstone lies unconformably on a surface of Precambrian metamorphic rock. It is the earliest unit in the marine-transgressive sedimentary rock sequence deposited during the early Paleozoic as sea level rose to gradually inundate the craton of the paleocontinent of Laurentia. The rock, which is formed from sediments eroded off unvegetated terrestrial landscapes and deposited in near-shore coastal environments,{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2110/palo.2009.p09-134r| title = Dead in Their Tracks--Cambrian Arthropods and Their Traces from Intertidal Sandstones of Quebec and Wisconsin| journal = PALAIOS| volume = 25| issue = 8| pages = 475| year = 2010| last1 = Collette | first1 = J. H.| last2 = Hagadorn | first2 = J. W.| last3 = Lacelle | first3 = M. A.| bibcode = 2010Palai..25..475C| s2cid = 130051546}} consists almost entirely of sand-size quartz grains held together by quartz cement. It ranges in color from gray to tan, yellow, and red, with the colors imparted by small amounts of the red iron oxide mineral hematite, Fe₂O₃, and the yellow iron oxide mineral goethite, FeO(OH).

As sea level rose in the depositional environment, increasing amounts of carbonate minerals were deposited in the sediment, with the result that the unit grades upward into dolomitic sandstone in the upper Potsdam and then to sandy dolomite at the base of the overlying Theresa Formation.[https://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/sgmc-unit.php?unit=NYOCAth%3B1 Mineral Resources On-Line Spatial Data: Theresa Formation], U.S. Geological Survey Geolex, accessed August 6, 2011

File:Franklin noyau institutionnelle.JPG]]

In New York state, the Potsdam is found primarily north and west of the Adirondack Mountains. Outcrop exposures of the Potsdam Sandstone occur throughout the Saint Lawrence lowlands, western Lake Champlain Valley, and northern Mohawk Valley. Ausable Chasm, near Plattsburgh, has a continuous exposure of a section more than {{convert|160|m|ft}} thick.James W. Hagadorn and Edward S. Belt (2008), Stranded in Upstate New York: Cambrian Scyphomedusae from the Potsdam Sandstone, PALAIOS, v. 23, p. 424–441, {{doi|10.2110/palo.2006.p06-104r}} The formation reaches its maximum thickness of about {{convert|450|m|ft}} in the northern Champlain lowland.

Potsdam sandstone has been quarried commercially in Nepean, Ontario and Covey Hill, Quebec.{{cite news |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/q-is-for-quarry-forgotten-overgrown-quarry-provided-the-building-blocks-of-ottawa}}

File:Lieu historique national du Canada de la Mairie-de-Havelock 03.JPG, is a National Historic Site of Canada]]

In the 19th century, Potsdam Sandstone was highly regarded as a building material. There was extensive quarrying for Potsdam Sandstone in the Potsdam area, beginning in 1809.[https://books.google.com/books?id=L4Y9AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA8 The Potsdam Red Sandstone quarries], Scientific American, January 7, 1893, page 8-10. Properties of the rock that give it value as a building material include high compressive strength, attractive reddish coloring, and resistance to weathering. The rock also was said to be "soft and easy to carve" when freshly quarried but "extremely hard" and "weather-resistant" after exposure to the air, but modern geologists suggest that this is a misconception.

Local sandstone was used for many buildings in Potsdam, as well as for purposes such as gravestones and sidewalks.Lori Shull, [http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20100920/NEWS05/309209994 Consultant tracking Potsdam sandstone, NNY stonemasons], Watertown (N.Y.) Daily Times, September 20, 2010

Buildings in other cities constructed with this rock include portions of Canada's Parliament Buildings (original Centre Block and Library of Parliament) in Ottawa, and the Cathedral of All Saints in Albany, New York.[http://history.nnyln.net/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/ppm&CISOPTR=549&CISOBOX=1&REC=2 Potsdam Sandstone office] (photo and description), New York Heritage website, accessed July 29, 2011 Potsdam Sandstone and its stratigraphic equivalents also have been quarried for use as building stone at several sites in Quebec.[http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/english/mines/industry/architectural/architectural-quarrying-history-sandstone-exploitation.jsp Architectural sandstone quarrying in Québec], Québec Ministry of Natural Resources and Wildlife website, accessed August 1, 2011

Potsdam Sandstone resists spalling when exposed to fire, making it highly suitable for use as a refractory for lining iron furnaces.

File:Potsdam Sandstone Unconformity.tif at the base of the Potsdam Sandstone]]

Stratigraphically equivalent and lithologically similar sandstone extends across the international border into Canada, although stratigraphic boundaries and nomenclature can differ.James W. Hagadorn and Edward S. Belt (2008), Stranded in Upstate New York: Cambrian Scyphomedusae from the Potsdam Sandstone, PALAIOS, v. 23, p. 424–441, {{doi|10.2110/palo.2006.p06-104r}} John H. Williams, Richard J. Reynolds, David A. Franzi, Edwin A. Romanowicz, and Frederick L. Paillet (2010), [http://ny.water.usgs.gov/pubs/jrn/ip-003988/Williams_Reynolds_PotsdamSS_CWRJ.pdf Hydrogeology of the Potsdam Sandstone in Northern New York], Canadian Water Resources Journal Vol. 35(4): 399–416 (2010)

In Ontario, the Nepean Sandstone was formerly called "Potsdam" and is regarded as a stratigraphic equivalent to the Potsdam Sandstone.J. L. Kirwan (1963), [http://www.ajsonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/261/2/108 The age of the Nepean (Potsdam) sandstone in eastern Ontario], American Journal of Science, Vol. 261, February 1963, P.108-110; {{doi|10.2475/ajs.261.2.108}}[http://earth.uwaterloo.ca/outreach/rock-garden/potsdam-sandstone Potsdam sandstone] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704142525/http://earth.uwaterloo.ca/outreach/rock-garden/potsdam-sandstone |date=2011-07-04 }}, University of Waterloo Earth and Environmental Sciences website, accessed July 29, 2011 In Quebec, the Potsdam Group is recognized, consisting of the Covey Hill Formation and the Cairnside Formation, both of which are sandstones.

Historically the name "Potsdam sandstone" was also applied to various other North American sandstone bodies that directly overlie Precambrian crystalline rocks, including sandstones in Canada, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, and Indiana, and attempts were made to identify or correlate various rocks with the Potsdam formation.Thomas W. Bjerstedt and J. Mark Erickson (1989), Trace Fossils and Bioturbation in Peritidal Facies of the Potsdam-Theresa Formations (Cambrian-Ordovician), Northwest Adirondacks, Palaios, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 1989, pp. 203-224 The basal Cambrian sandstone formation in much of the upper Mississippi Valley and southern Great Lakes region is now designated the Mount Simon Sandstone and is, in turn, assigned to the Potsdam Supergroup, which takes its name from the Potsdam Sandstone.Indiana Geological Survey, [http://igs.indiana.edu/compendium/comp1hgk.cfm Potsdam Supergroup, St. Croixan Series, Cambrian System] and [http://igs.indiana.edu/compendium/comp0i04.cfm Mount Simon Sandstone, Potsdam Supergroup, Cambrian System], accessed July 29, 2011 Similar quartz arenite sandstone found in Wyoming was also identified historically as the "Potsdam sandstone."Charles Doolittle Walcott (1891), [https://books.google.com/books?id=TSbwAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA211 Correlation Papers: Cambrian], Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey, volume 15.Francis John Pettijohn, Paul Edwin Potter, and Raymond Siever (1987), Sand and Sandstone, Springer, {{ISBN|0-387-96350-2}}. Page 181.

File:Potsdam Protichnites.jpg in the lower Potsdam Sandstone.]]

File:PotsdamSandstone Diplocraterion.jpg in the upper Potsdam Sandstone.]]

Fossil remains of whole animals are rare in the Potsdam Sandstone (although several relatively complete arthropods are known such as Aglaspis and Mictomerus), but there are some significant occurrences of trace fossils. Trace fossils in the unit include both vertical burrows, such as Diplocraterion and Skolithos and horizontal trackways, such as Diplichnites, Protichnites, and Climactichnites.James Carl, [http://potsdampublicmuseum.org/subpages/95/108/20/rock-structures-and-fossils Rock Structures and Fossils], Potsdam Public Museum website, accessed July 29, 2011 In 1903, a 20-ton (18-tonne) slab of Potsdam Sandstone from Clinton County, New York, displaying tracks attributed to trilobites, was placed in the New York State Museum.[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/11/12/105066037.pdf The Trail of the Serpent], The New York Times, November 12, 1903 Fossil impressions of the whole bodies of jellyfish have also been found in the Potsdam.

• List of sandstones

{{reflist}}

• "[http://quarriesandbeyond.org/articles_and_books/pdf/potsdam_red_sandstone_quarries_scientific_american_january_7_1893.pdf The Potsdam Red Sandstone Quarries]". Scientific American, Vol. LXVIII, No. 1, New York, January 7, 1893, pp. 1, 8–10.
• "[http://quarriesandbeyond.org/articles_and_books/pdf/potsdam_red_sandstone_cos_water_wheel_scientific_amer_jan_21_1893.pdf The Potsdam Red Sandstone Company’s Water Wheel]". Scientific American, Vol. LXVIII, No. 3, January 21, 1893, pp. 37–38.

Category:Building stone

Category:Cambrian geology of New York (state)

Category:Sandstone in Canada

Category:Cambrian southern paleotemperate deposits

Category:Sandstone in the United States