Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation

The Mshkodésik ("People of the Small Prairie") division of the Potawatomi were originally located around the southern portions of Lake Michigan, in what today is southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois and northwestern Indiana. Due to their name in the Potawatomi language, the Mshkodésik were often confused with another tribe, the Mascoutens. As part of the Council of Three Fires, the Prairie Band were signatories to the 1829 Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien ({{USStat|7|320}}). Independently of the Council of Three Fires, the Prairie Band were also signatories to the 1832 Treaty of Tippecanoe ({{USStat|7|378}}) as the Potawatomi Tribe of Indians of the Prairie.

In the 1830s, Chief Shab-eh-nay, the leader of tribal residents on {{convert|1300| acres}} of land in Illinois, went to visit members of his family who had been forced west to Kansas. While he was gone, the United States seized the property and auctioned it off to others.{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Violet |date=2024-04-20 |title=Prairie Band Potawatomi becomes first federally recognized tribal nation in Illinois |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2024/04/20/prairie-band-potawatomi-illinois-reservation |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |language=en}} Under the Indian Removal Act, the Prairie Band were forcibly relocated west, first to Missouri's Platte County in the mid-1830s and then to the vicinity of Council Bluffs, Iowa, in the 1840s, where they were known as the Bluff Indians. The tribe controlled up to five million acres (20,000 km²) at both locations. After 1846, the tribe moved to present-day Kansas. At that time, the reservation was thirty square miles which included part of present-day Topeka.

During the period from the 1940s - 1960s, in which the Indian termination policy was enforced, four Kansas tribes, including the Potawatomi, were targeted for termination. One of the first pieces of legislation enacted during this period was the Kansas Act of 1940 which transferred all jurisdiction for crimes committed on or against Indians from federal jurisdiction to the state of Kansas. It did not preclude the federal government from trying native people, but it allowed the state into an area of law in which had historically belonged only to the federal government.{{cite journal |url=http://law.ku.edu/sites/law.drupal.ku.edu/files/docs/law_review/v59/1-Leeds_FINAL.pdf |last=Francis |first=John J., Stacy L. Leeds, Aliza Organick, & Jelani Jefferson Exum |title=Reassessing Concurrent Tribal–State–Federal Criminal Jurisdiction in Kansas |journal=Kansas Law Review |volume=59 |page=967 |access-date=December 17, 2014 |archive-date=June 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617234830/http://law.ku.edu/sites/law.drupal.ku.edu/files/docs/law_review/v59/1-Leeds_FINAL.pdf |url-status=dead }}

On August 1, 1953, the US Congress passed House Concurrent Resolution 108 which called for the immediate termination of the Flathead, Klamath, Menominee, Potawatomi, and Turtle Mountain Chippewa, as well as all tribes in the states of California, New York, Florida, and Texas. Termination of a tribe meant the immediate withdrawal of all federal aid, services, and protection, as well as the end of reservations.US Statutes at Large 67:B132 A memo issued by the Department of the Interior on January 21, 1954, clarified that the reference to "Potawatomi" in the Resolution meant the Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation, the Kickapoo, the Sac and Fox and the Iowa tribes in Kansas.{{cite web |url=http://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/text/idc012737.pdf |title=Data |website=www.bia.gov |access-date=December 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610043006/http://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/text/idc012737.pdf |archive-date=June 10, 2014 |url-status=dead}}

Because jurisdiction over criminal matters had already been transferred to the state of Kansas by the passage of the Kansas Act of 1940, the government targeted the four tribes in Kansas for immediate termination. In February 1954, joint hearings for the Kansas tribes were held by the House and Senate Subcommittees on Indian Affairs.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ynd9AwAAQBAJ |last=Davis |first=Mary B. |title=Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |date=1996 |pages=286–287 |isbn=9781135638542 |access-date=December 18, 2014 |format=book}}

The Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation tribal leader, Minnie Evans (Indian name: Ke-what-no-quah Wish-Ken-O){{cite web |url=http://genealogytrails.com/kan/butler/1927potawatomiindians.html |title=Info |website=genealogytrails.com |access-date=2014-12-28 |archive-date=2016-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119131158/http://genealogytrails.com/kan/butler/1927potawatomiindians.html |url-status=live }} led the effort to stop termination.{{cite web |url=http://jacksoncountyjournal.com/potawatomi-historical-timeline-p292-156.htm |title=Potawatomi Historical Timeline |access-date=January 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219081421/http://jacksoncountyjournal.com/potawatomi-historical-timeline-p292-156.htm |archive-date=December 19, 2014}} Tribal members sent petitions of protest to the government and multiple delegations went to testify at congressional meetings in Washington, DC.{{cite web |url=http://www.pbpindiantribe.com/tribal-history.aspx |title=Tribal History » Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation |website=www.pbpindiantribe.com |access-date=May 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221031501/http://www.pbpindiantribe.com/tribal-history.aspx |archive-date=December 21, 2008 |url-status=dead}} Tribal Council members Vestana Cadue, Oliver Kahbeah, and Ralph Simon of the Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas traveled at their own expense to testify as well. The strong opposition from the Potawatomi and Kickapoo tribes helped them, as well as the Sac and Fox and the Iowa Tribe, avoid termination.{{harvnb|Davis: Native America (1996)|pp=286–287}}

In May 1997, the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation broke ground on the construction of the Prairie Band Casino & Resort to generate revenue for the tribe. The establishment opened on January 12, 1998, under the management of Harrah's Entertainment (an outside commercial entity). Tribal management subsequently assumed control of the establishment in July 2007.{{cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Gary |title=Timeline |website=Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation |url=https://www.pbpindiantribe.com/timeline/ |access-date=April 7, 2024 |archive-date=April 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407062837/https://www.pbpindiantribe.com/timeline/ |url-status=live }}

The tribe purchased a corner of the original reservation in DeKalb County, Illinois, in 2006 and leased the land for farming.{{Cite web |last=O’Connor |first=John |date=2024-06-23 |title=Illinois may soon return land the US stole from a Prairie Band Potawatomi chief 175 years ago |url=https://apnews.com/article/potawatomi-reservation-illinois-indian-treaty-aecd2414a1d996486848f357b55c83c5 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=AP News |language=en}} The United States Department of the Interior formally placed the {{convert|130| acres}} into trust for the benefit of the tribal band in 2024, thereby giving the Prairie Band tribal sovereignty over the land. The Prairie Band Potawatomi became the first and only federally recognized tribal nation in Illinois, since Native Americans were dispossessed in the 19th century.{{r|CST 2024-04-20}} On March 21, 2025, Illinois Governor JB Pritzker signed legislation authorizing the transfer of ownership of Shabbona Lake State Park to the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation.{{Cite news |last=Hancock |first=Peter |date=March 24, 2025 |title=Potawatomi to reclaim tribal land in DeKalb County |url=https://capitolnewsillinois.com/news/potawatomi-to-reclaim-tribal-land-in-dekalb-county/ |work=Capitol News Illinois}}

The Prairie Band are governed by a democratically elected tribal council.{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbpindiantribe.com/government/tribal-council-2/past-tribal-councils/ |title=Past Tribal Councils | Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation |access-date=2024-04-20 |archive-date=2023-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206150518/https://www.pbpindiantribe.com/government/tribal-council-2/past-tribal-councils/ |url-status=live }}

• Charles J. Chaput, first Native American archbishop{{Cite web |last=Cavanaugh |first=R. |date=November 23, 2017 |title=The resilience of Native American Catholicism |url=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2017/11/23/the-resilience-of-native-american-catholicism/ |website=The Catholic World Reporter |access-date=April 20, 2024 |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207053526/https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2017/11/23/the-resilience-of-native-american-catholicism/ |url-status=live }}
• Venida Chenault, president of Haskell Indian Nations University{{Cite web |title=BIE Director Dr. Charles Roessel Announces Dr. Venida S. Chenault as Haskell President {{!}} Indian Affairs |url=https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/opa/online-press-release/bie-director-dr-charles-roessel-announces-dr-venida-s-chenault |access-date=August 5, 2023 |website=www.bia.gov |language=en |archive-date=August 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805003830/https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/opa/online-press-release/bie-director-dr-charles-roessel-announces-dr-venida-s-chenault |url-status=live }}{{PD-notice}}
• Curtis J. Keltner, Green Beret, Iraq War veteran
• Jessica Rickert, the first female American Indian dentist in America, which she became upon graduating from the University of Michigan School of Dentistry in 1975. She was a direct descendant of the Indian chief Wahbememe (Whitepigeon).{{cite web |url=https://miwf.org/timeline/jessica-rickert/ |title=Jessica Rickert - Michigan Women Forward |publisher=Miwf.org |date= |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209201922/https://miwf.org/timeline/jessica-rickert/ |url-status=live }}
• Shabbona, 19th-century warrior and chief in Illinois
• Stephanie "Pyet" DeSpain, winner of Season 1 of the television cooking competition Next Level Chef

{{reflist}}

• {{Official website|https://www.pbpindiantribe.com/}}

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{{Indian reservations in Kansas}}

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Category:Native American tribes in Kansas

Category:American Indian reservations in Kansas

Category:Federally recognized tribes in the United States

Category:Jackson County, Kansas