Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council

The simultaneous use of the preconciliar rites alongside the current editions of those same rites has necessitated the development of nomenclature to distinguish the older versions from the newer ones. The preconciliar Roman Rite has been called by a wide variety of names:

• Extraordinary Form{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/248392/pope-francis-issues-restrictions-on-extraordinary-form-masses-in-new-motu-proprio|title=Pope Francis issues restrictions on extraordinary form Masses in new motu proprio|date=Jul 16, 2021|website=Catholic News Agency|access-date=May 2, 2022}} ({{langx|la|Forma extraordinaria}})
• Usus antiquior{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2020/04/03/the-older-form-of-the-roman-rite-is-alive-and-well/|title=The older form of the Roman rite is alive and well|first=Alcuin|last=Reid|date=April 3, 2020|website=Catholic World Report|access-date=May 2, 2022}}
• Ancient Roman Rite{{cite news|title=Il rito romano antico e la secolarizzazione|trans-title=The Ancient Roman Rite and Secularization|lang=it|first=Roberto|last=de Mattei|date=September 17, 2008|newspaper=L'Osservatore Romano}}
• Traditional Roman Rite{{cite book|title=The Liturgy Betrayed|first=Denis|last=Crouan|translator-first=Marc|translator-last=Sebanc|year=2000|publisher=Ignatius Press|publication-place=San Francisco|page=35}}
• Classical Roman Rite{{cite book|title=The Traditional Mass: History, Form, and Theology of the Classical Roman Rite|first=Michael|last=Fiedrowicz|translator-first=Rose|translator-last=Pfeifer|publisher=Angelico Press|publication-place=Brooklyn|year=2020}}
• Tridentine Rite{{cite book|title=The Liturgy Betrayed|first=Denis|last=Crouan|translator-first=Marc|translator-last=Sebanc|year=2000|publisher=Ignatius Press|publication-place=San Francisco|page=31}}{{efn|Although the name "Tridentine Rite" is sometimes used, it is not particularly accurate.{{cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/questions-and-answers-regarding-summorum-pontificum-12707|title=Questions and Answers Regarding Summorum Pontificum|first=Colin B.|last=Donovan|publisher=EWTN|access-date=May 2, 2022|quote=The term Tridentine Rite is not an accurate term. While the Missal of 1962 corresponds largely with the rite of the Mass promulgated after the Council of Trent by Pope St. Pius V, and therefore it has sometimes been called the Tridentine rite, it nonetheless is not identical.}}}}
• Gregorian Rite{{cite web|url=https://lms.org.uk/about|title=About|website=Latin Mass Society of England and Wales|access-date=May 2, 2022}}

To distinguish it from the Mass of Paul VI, the older Roman Rite Mass (that is, the 1962 revision of the Tridentine Mass) has been called at various times the:

• Indult Mass{{cite book|title=Confessions of a Traditional Catholic|first=Matthew|last=Arnold|year=2017|publisher=Ignatius Press|publication-place=San Francisco|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=omAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35]}}
• Tridentine Latin Mass{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/opinion/do-you-think-everyone-latin-mass-ideologue-you-might-be-wrong|title=Do you think everyone at Latin Mass is an ideologue? You might be wrong.|first=Stephen G.|last=Adubato|date=December 9, 2021|website=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=May 2, 2022}} or Traditional Latin Mass{{cite news|url=https://thedispatch.com/p/why-traditionalist-catholics-are|title=Why Traditionalist Catholics Are Upset About Pope Francis' Decree on the Latin Mass|first=Emma|last=Rogers|date=July 21, 2021|website=The Dispatch|access-date=May 2, 2022}}{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/248264/traditional-latin-mass-advocates-appeal-to-pope-to-protect-summorum-pontificum|title=Traditional Latin Mass advocates appeal to Pope to protect Summorum Pontificum|website=Catholic News Agency|date=July 4, 2021|access-date=May 2, 2022}} (both abbreviated as TLM), or simply the Latin Mass{{cite web|url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/latin-mass-supporters-react-with-dismay-to-pope-s-severe-new-restrictions|title=Latin Mass Supporters React With Dismay to Pope's Severe New Restrictions|first=Edward|last=Pentin|date=July 16, 2021|newspaper=National Catholic Register|access-date=May 2, 2022}}{{efn|Not to be confused with the Mass of Paul VI in Latin.}}
• Old Order of Mass ({{langx|la|Vetus Ordo Missae}}) or simply the {{langx|la|Vetus Ordo|label=none}}{{cite journal|title=Vetus Ordo Missae: Italian Catholic priests facing the revival of Latin and traditional liturgy|first=Jenny|last=Ponzo|journal=Social Semiotics|volume=31|issue=4|year=2021|pages=570–584|doi=10.1080/10350330.2019.1647819 |pmid=34456532 |pmc=8389980 }}
• Preconciliar liturgy{{cite web|url=https://adoremus.org/2022/03/benedict-xvi-and-the-reforms-of-the-second-vatican-council-re-catholicizing-the-liturgy-part-i/|title=Benedict XVI and the Reforms of the Second Vatican Council: Re-Catholicizing the Liturgy—Part I|first=Kevin|last=Magas|date=March 17, 2022|website=Adoremus|access-date=May 2, 2022}}

The preconciliar Ambrosian Rite has been called the Extraordinary Form of the Ambrosian Rite.{{cite book|chapter=Ambrose, Martyrs, and Liturgy|first=Francesco|last=Braschi|title=Ambrose of Milan and Community Formation in Late Antiquity|editor1-first=Ethan|editor1-last=Gannaway|editor2-first=Robert|editor2-last=Grant|year=2021|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|publication-place=Cambridge|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CnMjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 85]}}

Because the current versions of the rites are far more widely used, they are generally identified using the name of the rite without any further specification, e.g. "Ambrosian Rite". When differentiation is required, the current version is often called the Ordinary Form of the rite.{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic.com/qa/what-does-ordinary-form-mean|title=What Does 'Ordinary' Form Mean?|first=Hugh|last=Barbour|date=February 13, 2018|website=Catholic Answers|access-date=May 2, 2022|quote=The term ordinary does not refer to the age of the rite but is purely a legal term, indicating its practical status in the church today. ... The term 'ordinary' has more the sense of a current default mode of liturgy than an evaluation of its value as a rite.}}{{cite web|url=https://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2008/02/ambrosian-lent-iii-divinae-pacis.html|title=Ambrosian Lent III: Divinae pacis|first=Nicola|last=De Grandi|date=February 10, 2008|website=New Liturgical Movement}} Pope Francis introduced the phrase "unique expression" to refer to the current Roman Rite in contrast to the preconciliar form.{{cite web|url=https://crc.blog.fordham.edu/faith-religion/discerning-the-lex-orandi/|title=Discerning the Lex Orandi|first=Rita|last=Ferrone|date=November 17, 2021|website=Sapientia|publisher=Fordham University|access-date=May 2, 2022}} The Mass of the current Roman Rite is sometimes called the New Order of Mass ({{langx|la|Novus Ordo Missae}}) or simply the {{langx|la|Novus Ordo|label=none}}.{{cite web|url=https://churchlifejournal.nd.edu/articles/how-the-novus-ordo-mass-was-made/|title=How the Novus Ordo Mass Was Made|first=Yves|last=Chiron|date=July 22, 2021|website=Church Life Journal|publisher=University of Notre Dame|access-date=May 2, 2022}}

{{see also|Agatha Christie indult}}

In June 1971, Pope Paul VI gave bishops permission to grant faculties to elderly or infirm priests to celebrate the older Roman Rite Mass without a congregation.{{cite news|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/11608/vatican-official-paul-vi-only-envisaged-old-rite-for-aged-and-sick-priests-|title=Vatican official: Paul VI only envisaged Old Rite for aged and sick priests|first=Christopher|last=Lamb|date=April 18, 2019|quote=The Instruction of 14 June 1971 provided that celebration of Mass according to the former rite would be permitted, by faculty from the Ordinary, only for aged or sick priests offering the sacrifice without a congregation.}} Later that year, Cardinal John Heenan presented Paul VI with a petition signed by 57 scholars, intellectuals, and artists living in England, requesting permission to continue the use of the older Mass. On October 30, 1971, Paul VI granted this permission for England and Wales.{{cite letter|first=Annibale|last=Bugnini|author-link=Annibale Bugnini|recipient=Cardinal John Heenan|title=Prot. N. 1897/71|date=November 5, 1971|url=http://www.lms.org.uk/resources/documents/heenan-indult|publisher=Latin Mass Society of England and Wales|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111061031/http://www.lms.org.uk/resources/documents/heenan-indult|archive-date=January 11, 2011}} Because Agatha Christie was one of the petition's 57 signers whose name Paul VI is said to have recognized, the indult became known as the Agatha Christie indult.

{{main|Quattuor abhinc annos}}

In the 1984 letter Quattuor abhinc annos, the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments under Pope John Paul II extended to the entire Latin Church the indult for bishops to authorize celebrations of the preconciliar Roman Rite Mass under certain conditions.

{{main|Ecclesia Dei}}

In 1988, Pope John Paul II issued {{langx|la|motu proprio|label=none}} the apostolic letter Ecclesia Dei in which he urged a "wide and generous application" of the indult already given.{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei.html|title=Ecclesia Dei|author=Pope John Paul II|date=July 2, 1988|website=Holy See|at=§6c|access-date=May 2, 2022}} Masses celebrated under the Ecclesia Dei framework came to be known as "Indult Masses."

John Paul II simultaneously created the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei to supervise groups using the preconciliar liturgy. Days after the letter's promulgation, John Paul II instituted the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter to minister in the preconciliar Roman Rite exclusively.

{{main|Summorum Pontificum}}

In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI issued {{langx|la|motu proprio|label=none}} the apostolic letter Summorum Pontificum in which he introduced the terminology of "extraordinary form" to describe the preconciliar liturgy. Rather than using the language of concession or permission, Benedict established the preconciliar form as parallel to the postconciliar, albeit as "extraordinary" in the sense of "different." Instead of giving bishops control over the extent of preconciliar celebrations, Benedict XVI required priests with the suitable liturgical competency to offer the preconciliar rites to "stable groups of the faithful" who requested them. Benedict also authorized the use of the older rite for the celebration of sacraments (beyond the celebration of Mass) and allowed clerics to fulfill their obligation of prayer using the Roman Breviary in lieu of the postconciliar Liturgy of the Hours. He furthermore permitted the celebration of other preconciliar Latin rites besides the Roman Rite.

The publication of Summorum Pontificum has led to an increase in the number of regularly scheduled public Tridentine Masses. On 14 June 2008, Cardinal Darío Castrillón Hoyos told a London press conference that Pope Benedict wanted every parish to offer both the old and the new forms for Sunday Mass.{{Cite web |date=2008-10-14 |title=Pope says old-rite Latin Mass should be on offer in every Catholic parish -Times Online |url=http://timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article4159522.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014094354/http://timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article4159522.ece |archive-date=2008-10-14 |access-date=2021-05-23}}

On March 25, 2020 the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued two decrees giving new Eucharistic prefaces and provision for the optional celebration of more recent saints in the Tridentine form. The decree Quo magis{{Cite web |title=Decree, Quo magis altera (22 February 2020) |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20200222_decreto-quo-magis_en.html |access-date=2021-05-06 |website=www.vatican.va}} provides seven new Eucharistic prefaces for the extraordinary form of the Mass, which may be used for particular occasions, such as votive Masses or the feast days of saints. The second decree, Cum sanctissima,{{Cite web |title=Decree, Cum sanctissima (22 February 2020) |url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20200222_decreto-cum-sanctissima_en.html |access-date=2021-05-06 |website=www.vatican.va}} establishes a provision for the celebration of the third class feasts of saints canonized after July 1960, whose memorials were established after the 1962 Roman Missal. Cum sanctissima includes a list of 70 third class feasts, equivalent to a memorial in the ordinary form.{{Cite web |last=CNA |title=CDF issues new Eucharistic prefaces, optional saint feasts for extraordinary form of Roman rite |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/43975/cdf-issues-new-eucharistic-prefaces-optional-saint-feasts-for-extraordinary-form-of-roman-rite |access-date=2021-05-06 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}

{{main|Traditionis custodes}}

In 2021, Pope Francis, motivated by a desire to stave off what he assumed to be a growing rejection of the Second Vatican Council developing from groups using the preconciliar rites, issued {{langx|la|motu proprio|label=none}} the apostolic letter Traditionis custodes to restore the previous status quo of bishops having authority over the celebrations of Mass in the preconciliar Roman Rite. Francis stated in the letter that the current version of the Roman Rite ought to be regarded as the "unique expression of [its] lex orandi."

{{main|Tridentine Mass}}

Most groups exercising the preconciliar Roman Rite celebrate the Tridentine Mass according to the 1962 typical edition of the Roman Missal.

{{main|Roman Breviary}}

In his 2007 letter Summorum Pontificum, Pope Benedict XVI permitted priests to fulfill their canonical obligation of prayer (their "divine office") using the preconciliar Roman Breviary instead of the postconciliar Liturgy of the Hours.{{Update needed|date=September 2022|reason='Traditionis custodes' has since then been released.}}

{{further|Sacraments of the Catholic Church}}

{{see also|Roman Ritual|Roman Pontifical}}

Pope Benedict XVI in Summorum Pontificum also authorized the celebration of other sacraments according to the preconciliar rites. In 2021, the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments promulgated a responsa ad dubia, in light of Traditionis custodes, In it, it placed restrictions on use of the Rituale Romanum and a total ban on use of the Pontificale Romanum. However in February 2022, Pope Francis confirmed that the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter were exempt from these restrictions.{{cite web | url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/250438/fssp-says-pope-francis-has-issued-decree-confirming-its-use-of-1962-liturgical-books | title=FSSP says Pope Francis has issued decree confirming its use of 1962 liturgical books }}

File:Manila Cathedral altar 2024-04-07.jpg (background) and postconciliar (foreground) altars of the Manila Cathedral.]]

File:Preparation of the chalice at a low Dominican Rite mass.jpg Mass at Holy Cross Priory, Leicester, United Kingdom]]

The number of preconciliar Roman Rite Masses celebrated by diocesan clergy grew significantly after the release of Summorum Pontificum. Many bishops, however, curtailed diocesan preconciliar Masses after the promulgation of Traditionis custodes.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

{{main|Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney}}

A unique jurisdiction is the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney, a canonical structure erected by Pope John Paul II in 2002, geographically coterminous with the Diocese of Campos in Brazil, and dedicated to exclusively ministering in the preconciliar Roman Rite.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

{{See also|List of communities using the Tridentine Mass}}

Some institutes of consecrated life and societies of apostolic life in the Catholic Church use preconciliar liturgical forms exclusively, including those of the Roman Rite, Carmelite Rite, Dominican Rite, and Premonstratensian Rite.

{{see also|Canonical situation of the Society of Saint Pius X}}

The Society of Saint Pius X, a group of traditionalist clergy, grew out of resistance to the postconciliar liturgical changes, and continues to use the preconciliar Roman Rite exclusively. The society is "canonically irregular," meaning they operate outside of the canonical structures governed by the pope, even though they acknowledge the pope as legitimate.{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicsentinel.org/Content/News/Local/Article/Called-to-tradition/2/35/40251|title=Called to tradition|first=Ed|last=Langlois|date=June 19, 2020|newspaper=Catholic Sentinel|quote=The [Society of St. Pius X] is in what is called a 'canonically irregular situation' within the Catholic Church, meaning it has persisted in disobeying legitimate authorities.}}

{{See also|List of communities using the Tridentine Mass}}

In December 2021, Catholic News Agency estimated that there were 60,000 Traditionalist Catholics in France, representing 4% to 7% of all practicing Catholics in the country, and a sizable number of these Traditionalist Catholics are with schismatic groups which are not in full communion with the Holy See. These groups "show slow but steady growth each year" and tend to have younger-than-average churchgoers.{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-12-18 |title=Traditional Latin Mass restrictions: Here's what you need to know |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/249927/pope-francis-traditional-latin-mass-restrictions |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}

It was also estimated that 150,000 Catholics regularly attend the Tridentine Mass in the US, representing less than 1% of the 21 million Catholics regularly attending Mass throughout the US.

{{see also|Sedevacantism|Sedeprivationism|Conclavism}}

The scope of the liturgical changes after the Second Vatican Council was one factor that led certain groups identifying as traditionalist Catholics to claim that the postconciliar popes have been incapable of holding the office of the papacy ("sedevacantism") or incapable of legitimately exercising its functions ("sedeprivationism"). Conclavist groups are those who have claimed to elect their own successor to the papacy. These groups generally use the preconciliar Roman Rite.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

{{See also|Latin Mass Society (disambiguation)}}

Lay-led groups dedicated to the promotion of preconciliar rites and practices are often called "Latin Mass societies".{{cite web|url=https://onepeterfive.com/latin-mass-societies-at-large-universities-if-we-did-it-at-penn-state-you-can-too/|title=Latin Mass Societies at Large Universities? If We Did it at Penn State, You Can Too.|first=Victor|last=Fuentes|date=December 18, 2020|website=OnePeterFive|access-date=May 2, 2022}}

• Latin Mass Magazine
• Usus Antiquior (2010{{ndash}}2012){{cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/yusu20|title=Usus Antiquior: A Journal Dedicated to the Sacred Liturgy|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}

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