Pregnancy rate#Pregnancy rate for sexual intercourse

There is no universally accepted definition of the term. Thus in IVF pregnancy rates may be based on initiated treatment cycles, cycles that underwent oocyte retrieval, or cycles where an embryo transfer was performed. In terms of outcome, "pregnancy" may refer to a positive pregnancy test, evidence of a pregnancy with a "viable" fetus or implantation. Furthermore, pregnancy rates can be influenced in IVF by transferring multiple embryos that may result in multiple births. A strict definition in the IVF setting would refer to the singleton pregnancy rate that determines how many live singletons are born in relation to initiated IVF cycles.

In some cases, success rates include delivery or presence of a live baby (preferably specified as delivery rate or live birth rate respectively).

In IVF or its derivatives, fertilization rate may be used to measure how many oocytes become fertilized by sperm cells. A fertilization rate of zero in one cycle, where no oocytes become fertilized, is termed a total fertilization failure.{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu J, Nagy Z, Joris H, etal |title=Analysis of 76 total fertilization failure cycles out of 2732 intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles |journal=Hum. Reprod. |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=2630–6 |date=October 1995 |pmid=8567783 |doi= 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a135758}} Repeated ICSI treatment may be useful or necessary in couples with total fertilization failure.

Implantation rate is the percentage of embryos which successfully undergo implantation compared to the number of embryos transferred in a given period. In practice, it is generally calculated as the number of intrauterine gestational sacs observed by transvaginal ultrasonography divided by the number of transferred embryos.{{cite journal|last1=Levi Setti|first1=P. E.|last2=Albani|first2=E.|last3=Matteo|first3=M.|last4=Morenghi|first4=E.|last5=Zannoni|first5=E.|last6=Baggiani|first6=A. M.|last7=Arfuso|first7=V.|last8=Patrizio|first8=P.|title=Five years (2004-2009) of a restrictive law-regulating ART in Italy significantly reduced delivery rate: analysis of 10 706 cycles|journal=Human Reproduction|volume=28|issue=2|year=2012|pages=343–349|issn=0268-1161|doi=10.1093/humrep/des404|pmid=23175501|doi-access=free}} As an example, one center in the United States reported an implantation rate in IVF of 37% at a maternal age of less than 35 years, 30% at 35 to 37 years, 22% at 38 to 40 years, and 12% at 41 to 42 years.[http://my.clevelandclinic.org/fertility-center/fertility-lab/about-fertility-lab.aspx About the Fertility Lab] from Cleveland Clinic. Data from 2012

Successful implantation of the zygote into the uterus is most likely 8 to 10 days after conception. If the zygote has not implanted by day 10, implantation becomes increasingly unlikely in subsequent days.{{cite journal | vauthors=Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR| title=Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy | journal=The New England Journal of Medicine | volume=340 | issue=23 | pages=1796–1799| year=1999 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199906103402304 | pmid=10362823 | doi-access=free }}

Live birth rate is the percentage of all cycles that lead to live birth, and is the pregnancy rate adjusted for miscarriages and stillbirths.

For instance, in 2007, Canadian clinics reported a live birth rate of 27% with in vitro fertilisation.

File:Age and female fertility.svg: Cumulative percentage and average age for women reaching subfertility, sterility, irregular menstruation and menopause.{{cite journal|last1=te Velde|first1=E. R.|title=The variability of female reproductive ageing and also on how the body is built.|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=8|issue=2|year=2002|pages=141–154|issn=1355-4786|doi=10.1093/humupd/8.2.141|pmid=12099629|doi-access=free}}{{Update inline|date=December 2017}}]]

{{See|Fertility}}

There is a substantial connection between age and female fertility. Menarche, the first menstrual period, usually occurs around 12–13, although it may happen earlier or later, depending on each girl. After puberty, female fertility increases and then decreases, with advanced maternal age causing an increased risk of female infertility.

A 2001 review suggested a paternal age effect on fertility, where older men have decreased pregnancy rates.{{cite journal |vauthors=Kidd SA, Eskenazi B, Wyrobek AJ |title=Effects of male age on semen quality and fertility: a review of the literature |journal=Fertil Steril |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=237–48 |year=2001 |pmid=11172821 |doi= 10.1016/S0015-0282(00)01679-4|doi-access=free }}

File:Pregnancy chance by day near ovulation.jpg by menstrual cycle day relative to ovulation.{{cite journal|last1=Dunson|first1=D.B.|last2=Baird|first2=D.D.|last3=Wilcox|first3=A.J.|last4=Weinberg|first4=C.R.|author4-link=Clarice Weinberg|title=Day-specific probabilities of clinical pregnancy based on two studies with imperfect measures of ovulation|journal=Human Reproduction|volume=14|issue=7|year=1999|pages=1835–1839|issn=1460-2350|doi=10.1093/humrep/14.7.1835|pmid=10402400|doi-access=free}}]]

File:Pregnancy rate in ovulation induction.png, as functions of the size of the leading follicle as measured by transvaginal ultrasonography at days 11 - 13 (bottom scale), as well as the thickness of the endometrial lining (4 different curves).{{cite journal|last1=Palatnik|first1=Anna|last2=Strawn|first2=Estil|last3=Szabo|first3=Aniko|last4=Robb|first4=Paul|title=What is the optimal follicular size before triggering ovulation in intrauterine insemination cycles with clomiphene citrate or letrozole? An analysis of 988 cycles|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=97|issue=5|year=2012|pages=1089–1094.e3|issn=0015-0282|doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.02.018|pmid=22459633|doi-access=free}}]]

The time with the highest likelihood of pregnancy resulting from sexual intercourse covers the menstrual cycle time from some 5 days before until 1 to 2 days after ovulation.Pages .242,374 in: {{cite book|title=Taking Charge of Your Fertility|url=https://archive.org/details/takingchargeofyo00toni|url-access=registration|last=Weschler|first=Toni|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2002|isbn=0-06-093764-5|edition=Revised|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/takingchargeofyo00toni/page/359 359–361]}} In a 28‑day cycle with a 14‑day luteal phase, this corresponds to the second and the beginning of the third week. A variety of methods have been developed to help individual women estimate the relatively fertile and the relatively infertile days in the cycle; these systems are called fertility awareness.

There are many fertility testing methods, including urine test kits that detect the LH surge that occurs 24 to 36 hours before ovulation; these are known as ovulation predictor kits (OPKs).{{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|007062|LH urine test (home test)}} Computerized devices that interpret basal body temperatures, urinary test results, or changes in saliva are called fertility monitors. Fertility awareness methods that rely on cycle length records alone are called calendar-based methods.{{cite journal |title=Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use:Fertility awareness-based methods | version = Third edition |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2004 |url=https://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/mec/fab.html |access-date=29 April 2008 }} Methods that require observation of one or more of the three primary fertility signs (basal body temperature, cervical mucus, and cervical position)Page 52 in: {{cite book|title=Taking Charge of Your Fertility|url=https://archive.org/details/takingchargeofyo00toni|url-access=registration|last=Weschler|first=Toni|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2002|isbn=0-06-093764-5|edition=Revised|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/takingchargeofyo00toni/page/359 359–361]}} are known as symptoms-based methods.

For optimal pregnancy chance, there are recommendations of sexual intercourse every 1 or 2 days,{{cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/getting-pregnant/in-depth/how-to-get-pregnant/art-20047611|title=How to get pregnant|website=Mayo Clinic|date=2016-11-02|access-date=2018-02-16}} or every 2 or 3 days.{{cite web|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg156/ifp/chapter/trying-for-a-baby|title=Fertility problems: assessment and treatment, Clinical guideline [CG156]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=20 February 2013 |access-date=2018-02-16}} Published date: February 2013. Last updated: September 2017 Studies have shown no significant difference between different sex positions and pregnancy rate, as long as it results in ejaculation into the vagina.{{cite web|url=http://americanpregnancy.org/getting-pregnant-ebook/p7M7O0q1c71703C/gettingpregnant.pdf|title=The Essential Guide to Getting Pregnant|website=American Pregnancy Association|author=Dr. Philip B. Imler & David Wilbanks|access-date=2018-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601033115/http://americanpregnancy.org/getting-pregnant-ebook/p7M7O0q1c71703C/gettingpregnant.pdf|archive-date=2018-06-01|url-status=dead}} According to the American Pregnancy Association, the following factors of sexual intercourse may increase pregnancy chances:

• The woman raising her hips about 3 to 4 inches in order to allow gravity to assist with drawing the sperm towards the cervix opening and into the uterus, but there is no scientific data that confirms any beneficial effect of this practice.
• Having sexual intercourse in the morning, by providing the best sperm quality.
• Avoiding hot tubs before sex because the high temperature is harmful to sperm.
• Avoiding vaginal douching before or after sex because the altered vaginal acidity is harmful to sperm, and washes away the fertility-beneficial cervical mucus.
• Avoiding lubricants unless they are sperm-friendly.

{{Main|Artificial insemination#Pregnancy rate}}

Generally, the pregnancy rate for artificial insemination is 10–15% per menstrual cycle using ICI,[http://faqs.cs.uu.nl/na-dir/medicine/infertility-faq/part4.html Utrecht CS News] Subject: Infertility FAQ (part 4/4) and 15–20% per cycle for IUI.

{{Main|In vitro fertilisation#Pregnancy rates}}

With enhanced technology, the pregnancy rates are substantially higher today{{when?|date=July 2020}} than a couple of years ago. In 2006, Canadian clinics reported an average pregnancy rate of 35%.

[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20081215.wivf1215/BNStory/National/?page=rss&id=RTGAM.20081215.wivf1215 Success rate climbs for in vitro fertilization] The Canadian Press. December 15, 2008 at 8:27 PM EST

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Category:Human pregnancy

Category:Rates