Presidential Medal of Freedom

{{Infobox civilian award

| name = Presidential Medal of Freedom

| image = Presidential Medal of Freedom.svg

| image_size = 100px

| caption = The award's miniature medal

| awarded_for = Any reason as determined by the presidentExecutive Order 11515, signed March 13, 1970; Federal Register 35 FR 4543. "The President may select for the award of the Medal any person recommended to the President for award of the Medal or any person selected by the President upon his own initiative."

| country = United States

| presenter = President of the United States

| year = {{start date|1963|12|06}}{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom | title=Presidential Medal of Freedom ] Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica | date=11 July 2024 }}

| total_recipients = 672 (an average of fewer than 11 per year since 1963)

| higher = None

| same = Congressional Gold Medal

| lower = Presidential Citizens Medal

| image2 = File:Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction (ribbon).svg File:Presidential Medal of Freedom (ribbon).svg

| caption2 = Service ribbons of the award
(at left: Medal with Distinction)

}}

The Presidential Medal of Freedom is the highest civilian award of the United States, alongside the Congressional Gold Medal. It is an award bestowed by decision of the president of the United States to "any person recommended to the President for award of the Medal or any person selected by the President upon his own initiative",{{Cite web |title=Executive Order 11515—Terminating Certain Bodies Established by the President {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-11515-terminating-certain-bodies-established-the-president |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}} and was created to recognize people who have made "an especially meritorious contribution to (1) the security or national interests of the United States, or (2) world peace, or (3) cultural or other significant public or private endeavors."{{Cite web |title=Executive Order 11085—The Presidential Medal of Freedom {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-11085-the-presidential-medal-freedom |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}} The award is not limited to U.S. citizens, and, while it is a civilian award, it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform. It was established in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy, superseding the Medal of Freedom that was initially established by President Harry S. Truman in 1945 to honor civilian service.

Occasionally, the medal award is further denoted as, "with distinction." There are no specific criteria for receiving the award with distinction; {{Executive Order|11085}} simply specifies that the award should come in two degrees, and hence any decision to award the higher degree is entirely at the discretion of the president. In 2017, President Barack Obama stated that receiving the award with distinction indicates "an additional level of veneration"{{cite news |author-first1=Olivia|author-last1=Ovenden|date=2017-01-13 |title=The Internet's Teary Reactions To Obama And Biden's Last Public Display Of Bromance |url=http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/news/a12471/reactions-obama-biden-medal-civilian-president-bromance-politics/ |access-date=2022-07-27 |magazine=Esquire |language=en-GB |archive-date=2017-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116002907/http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/news/a12471/reactions-obama-biden-medal-civilian-president-bromance-politics/ |url-status=dead }} in a class of individuals already held in the highest esteem. {{As of|June 2024}}, the medal had been awarded with distinction at least 55 times, amounting to approximately 8% of all awards.{{cite report |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47639 |title=Presidential Medal of Freedom |author=Leubsdorf |first=Ben |date=2024-05-03 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |page=5 |docket= |quote= |author-link= |access-date=2024-06-09}}

The Presidential Medal of Freedom is the supreme civilian decoration that can be awarded in discretion of the president, whereas its predecessor, the Medal of Freedom, was inferior in precedence to the Medal for Merit; the Medal of Freedom was awarded by any of three Cabinet secretaries, whereas the Medal for Merit was awarded by the president, as is the Presidential Medal of Freedom.{{cite web| url=https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/two_column_table/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Recipients.htm| website=U.S. Senate| title=Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients| date=November 17, 2015| access-date=May 6, 2016| archive-date=July 14, 2004| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040714130038/http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/two_column_table/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Recipients.htm| url-status=dead}}

Overview

President John F. Kennedy established the presidential version of the decoration in 1963 through {{Executive Order|11085}} (signed February 22, 1963), with unique and distinctive insignia, vastly expanded purpose, and far higher prestige.Executive Order 11085, signed February 22, 1963; Federal Register 28.{{cite web| url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JFK-Fast-Facts/Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom.aspx| title=President Kennedy's Executive Order 11085: Presidential Medal of Freedom| website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum| access-date=August 29, 2017}} It was the first U.S. civilian neck decoration and, if awarded with Distinction, is the only U.S. sash and star decoration (the Chief Commander degree of the Legion of Merit—which may only be awarded to foreign heads of state—is a star decoration but without a sash). The executive order calls for the medal to be awarded annually on or around July 4, and at other convenient times as chosen by the president, but it has not been awarded every year (e.g., 2001, 2010). The recipient selection process is not made public, but the Trump administration stated that it included recommendations and nominations from the public, Cabinet, White House senior staff, and other presidential advisory bodies, which were then vetted prior to presentation to the President.{{Cite news |last=Vazquez |first=Maegan |date=24 October 2019 |title=How Trump picks his Medal of Freedom honorees |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/08/politics/donald-trump-medal-of-freedom-selections/index.html |work=CNN}} The order establishing the medal also expanded the size and the responsibilities of the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board so it could serve as a major source of such recommendations.

The medal may be awarded to an individual more than once. Colin Powell received two awards, his second being with Distinction;{{cite web |last=Clinton |first=W. J. |author-link=Bill Clinton |date=September 30, 1993 |title=Remarks on the Retirement of General Colin Powell in Arlington, Virginia |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-retirement-general-colin-powell-arlington-virginia |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=The American Presidency Project; University of California, Santa Barbara |quote=In recognition of your legacy and service, of your courage and accomplishment, today, General Powell, I was honored to present you with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, with distinction. I want to tell all those here in attendance that this was the second Medal of Freedom you have received, the first from President Bush in 1991. And today, you became only the second American citizen in the history of the Republic to be the recipient of two Medals of Freedom.}} Ellsworth Bunker received both of his awards with Distinction. It may also be awarded posthumously; examples include John F. Kennedy, Steve Jobs, Pope John XXIII, Lyndon Johnson, John Wayne, Paul "Bear" Bryant, Thurgood Marshall, Cesar Chavez, Walter Reuther, Roberto Clemente, Jack Kemp, Harvey Milk, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, Elouise Cobell, Grace Hopper,{{cite press release| url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/11/16/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom/| title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom| publisher=The White House| access-date=August 19, 2023| via=National Archives and Records Administration| date=November 16, 2016}} Antonin Scalia, Elvis Presley and Babe Ruth.{{cite news| url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/10/politics/trump-presidential-medal-of-freedom/index.html| title=Trump to award Medal of Freedom to Elvis, Babe Ruth, among others| last=Stracqualursi| first=Veronica| work=CNN| access-date=November 11, 2018}} Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner, civil rights workers murdered in 1964, were awarded their medals in 2014, 50 years later.

In 1970, President Richard Nixon awarded the medal to the entire Apollo 13 mission operations team, as well as to the mission's crew.{{Cite web |last1=Peters |first1=Gerhard |last2=Woolley |first2=John T. |date=n.d. |title=Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Apollo 13 Mission Operations Team in Houston. |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/241054 |website=The American Presidency Project}}

Athlete and activist Simone Biles is the youngest person to receive this award at the age of 25.{{cite news| url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/simone-biles-awarded-presidential-medal-freedom/story?id=86370058#:~:text=At%2025%2C%20Biles%20made%20history,the%20White%20House%20on%20Thursday.| title=Simone Biles awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom| work=ABC News| first=Katie| last=Kindelan| date=July 7, 2022| access-date=August 19, 2023}}

Insignia

File:presidential-medal-of-freedom.jpg, miniature and lapel badge]]

File:Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction white tie.jpg]]

The badge of the Presidential Medal of Freedom is in the form of a golden star with white enamel, with a red enamel pentagon behind it; the central disc bears thirteen gold stars on a blue enamel background (taken from the Great Seal of the United States) within a golden ring. Golden bald eagles with spread wings stand between the points of the star. It is worn around the neck on a blue ribbon having white edge stripes. Women may choose to receive the award as a bow worn on the left chest (as for Margaret Thatcher).

A special and rarely granted award, called the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction,{{cite book| last1=Torreon| first1=Barbara Salazar| title=A Guide to Major Congressional and Presidential Awards| volume=RS20884| publisher=Library of Congress; Congressional Research Service| date=March 31, 2004| page=4| url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rs20884.pdf| access-date=February 9, 2011| quote=There are two degrees of the Medal, the higher being the Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction. |via=USAF Air University | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010080016/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rs20884.pdf| archive-date=October 10, 2011| url-status=dead}} has a larger version of the same badge, which is worn as a star on the left chest. It comes with a sash that is worn over the right shoulder (similarly to the Grand Cross of an order of chivalry), with its rosette (blue with a white edge, bearing the central disc of the badge at its center) resting on the left hip. When the medal with Distinction is awarded, the star may be presented hanging from a neck ribbon and can be identified by its size, which is larger than the standard badge.

In addition to the full-size insignia, the award is accompanied by a service ribbon for wear on military service uniforms,{{cite web | url=https://www.mynavyhr.navy.mil/References/US-Navy-Uniforms/Uniform-Regulations/Chapter-5/5301-Awards/ | title=5301 - 5319 Awards }} a miniature medal pendant for wear on mess dress or civilian formal wear, and a lapel badge for wear on civilian clothes, all of which comes in the full presentation set. There is a silver bald eagle with spread wings on the miniature and service ribbon, or a golden bald eagle for a medal awarded with Distinction.

The Insignia was designed by the Army's Institute of Heraldry, led by Col. Harry Downing Temple.{{cite web| url=https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/lib.vt.edu/repositories/2/resources/1545.oai_ead.xml#aspace_d714dc5b8900bc8cd1494fb1bba862d9.1| title=Harry Downing Temple Jr., Papers, 1872-2004 MS.1988.039| last1=Gouger| first1=Sarah |first2=Laura |last2=Katz Smith | date=September 1998 |publisher=Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech | website=Archival Resources of the Virginias | access-date=2023-01-17| archive-date=2023-01-17| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117040403/https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/lib.vt.edu/repositories/2/resources/1545.oai_ead.xml#aspace_d714dc5b8900bc8cd1494fb1bba862d9.1| url-status=dead}}

Revocation

There is no process for the award to be revoked. This issue has been raised regarding certain recipients, in particular regarding the award given to actor and comedian Bill Cosby.{{cite news| date=January 7, 2016| title=Congressmen push to strip Bill Cosby of presidential medal of freedom| url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/07/bill-cosby-presidential-medal-of-freedom-congress-obama| access-date=August 19, 2023| newspaper=The Guardian| location=London| first=David| last=Smith| language=en}}

Recipients

= Gallery=

File:A. Philip Randolph Medal of Freedom.jpg|A. Philip Randolph receiving the Medal from President Lyndon Johnson at one of the first ceremonies, 1964

File:Walt Disney Receives Presidential Medal of Freedom 1964.jpg|Walt Disney receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Lyndon B. Johnson, 1964

File:Richard Nixon and Duke Ellington 1969.jpg|President Richard Nixon presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Duke Ellington, 1969

File:President Gerald R. Ford Presents Martha Graham with the Presidential Medal of Freedom - NARA - 6829647.jpg|President Gerald Ford awarding the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction to Martha Graham, 1976

File:Jimmy Carter presents the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Arthur Goldberg. - NARA - 180483.tif|Arthur Goldberg speaking at his ceremony where he was awarded the Medal by President Jimmy Carter, 1978

File:President Ronald Reagan presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House Ceremony in the Rose Garden.jpg|President Ronald Reagan presenting Mother Teresa with the award, 1985

File:Margaret Thatcher awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom.jpg|Former United Kingdom Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher receiving the award, in its unusual bow form, from President George H. W. Bush, 1991

File:President Bill Clinton presents Rosa Parks with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in the Oval Office.jpg|Rosa Parks receives the award from President Bill Clinton, 1996

File:President George W. Bush Presents the Presidential Medal of Freedom Award to Fred Rogers.jpg|Fred Rogers smiles as he receives the award from President George W. Bush, 2002

File:President Barack Obama presents American musician Bob Dylan with a Medal of Freedom (cropped).jpg|Bob Dylan receives the Medal from President Barack Obama, 2012.

File:President Trump Presents the Medal of Freedom to Tiger Woods (33919289198).jpg|President Donald Trump presents the Medal to Tiger Woods, 2019

File:P20220707AS-1318 (52307494932).jpg|President Joe Biden presenting the Medal to Sister Simone Campbell, 2022.

References

External links

{{Commons category|Presidential Medal of Freedom|
Presidential Medal of Freedom}}

[http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom.htm "Presidential Medal of Freedom"] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816212455/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom.htm |date=2009-08-16 }}), an article (undated) from the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum's official website. Accessed August 22, 2009.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20170709124451/https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/two_column_table/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Recipients.htm "Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients"], a list of recipients from May 5, 1993, through August 19, 2009, from the U.S. Senate official website. Accessed August 22, 2009.
[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/12/20061215-1.html# "President Bush Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients"], a news release from the White House Press Secretary, December 15, 2006, containing a transcript of President George W. Bush's opening remarks at the December 15, 2006, presentation (with link to individual citations). Hosted on the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's official website. Accessed August 22, 2009.
[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the_press_office/Background-on-Medal-of-Freedom-ceremony "Medal of Freedom Ceremony" (August 12, 2009)], a news release, August 12, 2009, from the White House Press Secretary at [http://www.whitehouse.gov whitehouse.gov], the White House's official website. Accessed August 22, 2009.
Sanger, David E. (December 15, 2004). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E5DE1730F936A25751C1A9629C8B63&pagewanted=all "War Figures Honored With Medal of Freedom"]. The New York Times.

Category:Awards established in 1963

Category:Civil awards and decorations of the United States

Category:Presidency of John F. Kennedy

Category:Presidency of the United States