Pressure of speech
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Pressure of speech (or pressured speech) is a speech fast and frenetic (i.e., mainly without pauses), including some irregularities in loudness and rhythm or some degrees of circumstantiality; it is hard to interpret and expresses a feeling/affect of emergency.{{Cite book|title = Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing|last = Videbeck|first = Sheila|publisher = Lippincott Williams and Wilkins|year = 2010|isbn = 978-1605478616 |pages=186, 303, 305 |edition = 5th}}World Health Organization (2023). "{{ICD11|MB23|1237884357}} Pressured speech". International Classification of Diseases, eleventh revision – ICD-11. Genova – [https://icd.who.int icd.who.int]. It is mainly a neuropsychological symptom of specific mental disorders, such as bipolar disorders, thought disorders, and stress-related disorders among others.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
Description
Pressured speech is unrelenting, rapid, often loud talking without pauses. Those with pressured speech do not respond to verbal and nonverbal cues indicating that others wish to speak, turning from one listener to another or speaking even when no listeners remain.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
Causes
=Mental disorders' symptoms=
Pressure of speech mainly happens in the bipolar disorders, during the hypomanic and manic episodes.{{cite web |url=https://gpnotebook.com/simplepage.cfm?ID=-483065844 |title=Pressure of speech |website=General Practice Notebook |access-date=2023-06-15}}
It also happens because of acute or chronic over-stress in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).{{cite journal |last=Keane |first=Terence M. |date=Summer 2013 |title=Patient management exercise: post-traumatic stress disorder |journal=Clinical Synthesis |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=352–357 |doi=10.1176/appi.focus.11.3.352}}{{cite journal |first=Manjula |last=O'Connor |date=2020 |title=Adjunctive therapy with brexpiprazole improves treatment resistant complex post traumatic stress disorder in domestic family violence victims |journal=Australasian Psychiatry |volume=28 |number=3 |pages=264–266 |doi=10.1177/1039856219889303 |pmid=31896271 |s2cid=209672155}} Thought disorders' symptoms like flight of ideas can induce pressured speech, with some degrees of circumstantiality or tangential speech.{{cite book|first1=Lesley |last1=Stevens |first2=Ian |last2=Rodin|title=Psychiatry: an illustrated colour text |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RMoisJndtvoC&pg=PA24|access-date=25 November 2010|date=23 April 2001 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-443-05703-8|pages=24–}} It is also a direct or indirect symptom of anxiety disorders,{{cite journal |last=Banazak |first=Deborah A. |date=1997 |title=Anxiety disorders in elderly patients |journal=The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=280–289 |pmid=9228623 |url=https://www.jabfm.org/content/jabfp/10/4/280.full.pdf}} attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),{{cite journal |last1=Baroni |first1=Argelinda |last2=Lunsford |first2=Jessica R. |last3=Luckenbaugh |first3=David A. |last4=Towbin |first4=Kenneth E. |last5=Leibenluft |first5=Ellen |title=Practitioner Review: The assessment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |date=March 2009 |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=203–215 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01953.x|pmid=19309325 |pmc=2786990 }} autism spectrum disorder,{{cite book |first1=Anna P. |last1=Kroncke |first2=Marcy |last2=Willard |first3=Helena |last3=Huckabee |date=February 2016 |chapter=Emotions, mood, behavior, and adaptive assessment |title=Assessment of autism spectrum disorder |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-25504-0}} and schizophrenia.{{cite journal |last1=Sakakibara |first1=Eisuke |last2=Nishida |first2=Takuji |last3=Sugishita |first3=Kazuyuki |last4=Jinde |first4=Seiichiro |last5=Inoue |first5=Yushi |last6=Kasai |first6=Kiyoto |title=Acute psychosis during the postictal period in a patient with idiopathic generalized epilepsy: Postictal psychosis or aggravation of schizophrenia? A case report and review of the literature |journal=Epilepsy & Behavior |date=July 2012 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=373–376 |doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.04.127|pmid=22652424 |s2cid=10873224 }}
= Stimulants =
Stimulants such as cocaine or amphetamines may cause speech resembling pressured speech in individuals with pre-existing psychopathology and produce hypomanic or manic symptoms in general, owing both to the substance's own qualities and the underlying nature of an individual's psyche. In many psychotic disorders, use of certain drugs amplifies certain expressions of symptoms, and stimulant-induced pressured speech is among them.
Effects
Pressured speech may lead to stuttering, e.g., whenever the persons want expressing themselves faster than their ability to utter their thoughts.{{cite book |editor-first=Einer |editor-last=Boberg |first=William H. |last=Perkins |title=Neuropsychology of stuttering |chapter=What Is Stuttering and Why? |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjB9cGkloPgC&pg=PA226|access-date=13 December 2010|date=1 January 1993|publisher=University of Alberta|isbn=978-0-88864-239-4|page=226}}
Related conditions
- Cluttering is a speech disorder that is related to pressure of speech in that the speech of a clutterer sounds improperly verbalized. However, cluttering is a distinct language disorder. Even though cluttering sounds almost identical to pressure of speech, it differs in that pressure of speech is rooted in anxiety, where cluttering is not.
- Pressure of speech is an instance of tachylalia, or rapid speech. Pressure of speech is also variously related to agitolalia, agitophasia, tachyphasia, and verbomania.
- Circumstantial speech is a communication disorder in which the focus of a conversation drifts.{{cite book |title=Problem-Based Psychiatry |first=Ben |last=Green |date=2009 |publisher=Radcliffe |location=Abingdon |page=15 |isbn=978-1-84619-042-1 |url={{GBurl|Wu81Mnpc2AYC|p=15}}}} In circumstantiality, unnecessary details and irrelevant remarks cause a delay in getting to the point.{{Cite web |url=https://www.dorlandsonline.com/dorland/definition?id=9922 |title=Circumstantiality |work=Dorland's Medical Dictionary Online |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-06-15}}
See also
References
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