Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

Prince Frederick Augustus belonged to the House of Hanover.Heathcote, p. 127. He was born on 16 August 1763, at St. James's Palace, London. His father was the reigning British monarch, King George III. His mother was Queen Charlotte (née Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz).{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiwTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT205 |title=George III's Children |last=Kiste |first=John Van der |year= 2004 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0750953825 |page=205 }}

On 27 February 1764, when Prince Frederick was six months old, he became Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück upon the death of Clemens August of Bavaria. The Peace of Westphalia stipulated that the city of Osnabrück would alternate between Catholic and Protestant rulers, with the Protestant bishops to be elected from the cadets of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg.{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10139?docPos=1|title=Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/10139|access-date=21 April 2012|last1=Stephens|first1=H. M.|editor1-first=John Van der|editor1-last=Kiste}} The bishopric of Osnabrück came with a substantial income,{{cite book|last1=Kelly|first1=Ian|title=Beau Brummell: The Ultimate Man of Style|date=2013|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781416531982|quote=The Yorks had bought Oatlands on their marriage in 1791 with the impressive allowances of £18,000 from the Civil List, £7,000 from Ireland and a full £45,000 a year from the duke's holdings as Prince-Bishop of Osnabruck.}} which he retained until the city was incorporated into Hanover in 1803 during the German mediatisation. He was invested as Knight of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath on 30 December 1767Cokayne, p.921 and as a Knight of the Order of the Garter on 19 June 1771.Weir, p. 286.

File:Frederick, Duke of York 1800-1820.jpg

George III decided that his second son would pursue an army career and had him gazetted colonel on 4 November 1780.{{London Gazette|issue=12132|page=1|date=31 October 1780}} From 1781 to 1787, Prince Frederick lived in Hanover, where he studied (along with his younger brothers, Prince Edward, Prince Ernest, Prince Augustus and Prince Adolphus) at the University of Göttingen.{{cite web|url=http://www.regencyhistory.net/2011/10/frederick-duke-of-york-1763-1827.html|title=Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany|publisher=Regency History|access-date=21 April 2012}} He was appointed colonel of the 2nd Horse Grenadier Guards (now 2nd Life Guards) on 26 March 1782{{London Gazette|issue=12281|page=6|date=23 March 1782}} before being promoted to major-general on 20 November 1782. Promoted to lieutenant general on 27 October 1784, he was appointed colonel of the Coldstream Guards on 28 October 1784.{{London Gazette|issue=12590|page=1|date=26 October 1784}}

{{House of Hanover (UK)|george3}}

He was created Duke of York and Albany and Earl of Ulster on 27 November 1784 and became a member of the Privy Council. On his return to Great Britain, the Duke took his seat in the House of Lords, where, on 15 December 1788 during the Regency crisis, he opposed William Pitt's Regency Bill in a speech which was supposed to have been influenced by the Prince of Wales. On 26 May 1789 he took part in a duel with Colonel Charles Lennox, who had insulted him; Lennox missed, and Prince Frederick refused to return fire.{{cite web|title=Lennox, Charles, 4th Duke of Richmond and Lennox|publisher=Dictionary of Canadian Biography |volume=V|url=https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/lennox_charles_richmond_5E.html}}

{{Main|Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition{{!}}Flanders campaign}}

File:The Grand Attack on Valenciennes.png by Philip James de Loutherbourg, 1794. The Siege of Valenciennes was an early Allied success but the campaign soon turned against them.]]

On 12 April 1793, Frederick was promoted to full general.Heathcote, p.128 That year, he was sent to Flanders in command of the British contingent of Coburg's army destined for the invasion of France. Frederick and his command fought in the Flanders campaign under extremely trying conditions. He won several notable engagements, such as the Siege of Valenciennes in July 1793,{{London Gazette|issue=13552|page=650|date=1 August 1793}} but was defeated at the Battle of Hondschoote in September 1793. In the 1794 campaign he gained a notable success at the Battle of Beaumont in April and another at the Battle of Willems in May but was defeated at the Battle of Tourcoing later that month. The British army was evacuated through Bremen in April 1795.

{{See also|Recruitment in the British Army#Reform}}

After his return to Britain, his father George III promoted him to the rank of field marshal on 18 February 1795. On 3 April 1795, George appointed him effective Commander-in-Chief in succession to Lord AmherstGlover, (1973), p.128 although the title was not confirmed until three years later.{{London Gazette|issue=15004|page=283|date=3 April 1798}} He was also colonel of the 60th Regiment of Foot from 19 August 1797.{{London Gazette|issue=14038|page=795|date=19 August 1797}}

On appointment as Commander-in-Chief he immediately declared, reflecting on the Flanders Campaign of 1793–94, "that no officer should ever be subject to the same disadvantages under which he had laboured".

His second field command was with the army sent for the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in August 1799. On 7 September 1799, he was given the honorary title of Captain-General.{{London Gazette|issue=15177|page=889|date=3 September 1799}} Sir Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell, in charge of the vanguard, had succeeded in capturing some Dutch warships in Den Helder. However, following the Duke's arrival with the main body of the army, a number of disasters befell the allied forces, including shortage of supplies.Heathcote, p. 129 On 17 October 1799, the Duke signed the Convention of Alkmaar, by which the allied expedition withdrew after giving up its prisoners. 1799 also saw Fort Frederick in South Africa named after him.{{cite web|url=https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=65|title=Fort Frederick|publisher=Artifacts|access-date=4 November 2018}}

Frederick's military setbacks of 1799 were inevitable given his lack of experience as a field commander, the poor state of the British army at the time, and the conflicting military objectives of the protagonists. After this ineffectual campaign, Frederick was mocked, perhaps unfairly, in the rhyme "The Grand Old Duke of York":

{{poemquote|The grand old Duke of York,

He had ten thousand men.

He marched them up to the top of the hill

And he marched them down again.

And when they were up, they were up.

And when they were down, they were down.

And when they were only halfway up,

They were neither up nor down.Opie, pp. 442–443}}

File:Mary Anne Clarke2.jpg by Isaac Cruikshank, 15 March 1809. The prince resigned as head of the British army ten days after the caricature's publication.]]

Frederick's experience in the Dutch campaign made a strong impression on him. That campaign, and the Flanders campaign, had demonstrated the numerous weaknesses of the British army after years of neglect. Frederick as Commander-in-Chief of the British army carried through a massive programme of reform. He was the person most responsible for the reforms that created the force which served in the Peninsular War. He was also in charge of the preparations against Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom in 1803. In the opinion of Sir John Fortescue, Frederick did "more for the army than any one man has done for it in the whole of its history".

In 1801 Frederick actively supported the foundation of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, which promoted the professional, merit-based training of future commissioned officers.

In 1801 touched by the plight of children orphaned as a result of the Napoleonic wars, Frederick issued a Royal Warrant and laid the foundation stone in Chelsea to build the Royal Military Asylum (now known as the Duke of York's Headquarters) for orphaned children.{{NHLE|desc=Duke of York's Headquarters (Territorial Army), Kensington and Chelsea |num=1266717|access-date=19 March 2023}} In 1892 the Royal Military Asylum was renamed the Duke of York's Royal Military School. The school relocated to Dover, Kent in 1909.{{cite web|url=https://www.doyrms.com/military-heritage|title=Military Heritage|publisher= Duke of York's Royal Military School|access-date=19 March 2023}}

On 14 September 1805 he was given the honorary title of Warden of Windsor Forest.{{London Gazette|issue=15842|page=1145|date=10 September 1805}}

Frederick resigned as Commander-in-Chief on 25 March 1809, as the result of a scandal caused by the activities of his latest mistress, Mary Anne Clarke. Clarke was accused of illicitly selling army commissions under Frederick's aegis. A select committee of the House of Commons enquired into the matter. Parliament eventually acquitted Frederick of receiving bribes by 278 votes to 196. He nevertheless resigned because of the high tally against him. Two years later, it was revealed that Clarke had received payment for furniture from Frederick's disgraced chief accuser, Gwyllym Wardle,{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/periods/hanoverians/duke-york-scandal-1809|title= The Duke of York Scandal, 1809|publisher=The History of Parliament|access-date=4 November 2018}} and the Prince Regent reappointed the exonerated Frederick as Commander-in-Chief on 29 May 1811.{{London Gazette|issue=16487|page=940|date=21 May 1811}} The Duke's relationship with Mary Anne Clarke is used by Mary Anne's descendant, Daphne du Maurier, in her historical novel Mary Anne.{{Cite book|last=Auerbach|first=Nina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUvenAe8xPgC&pg=PA77|title=Daphne Du Maurier, Haunted Heiress|publisher=Personal Takes|year=2002|isbn=0812218361|pages=77}}

Frederick maintained a country residence at Oatlands near Weybridge, Surrey but he was seldom there, preferring to immerse himself in his administrative work at Horse Guards (the British army's headquarters) and, after hours, in London's high life, with its gaming tables: Frederick was perpetually in debt because of his excessive gambling on cards and racehorses. Following the unexpected death of his niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, in 1817, Frederick became second in line to the throne, with a serious chance of inheriting it.Heathcote, p. 130 In 1820, he became heir presumptive with the death of his father, George III.

Frederick died of dropsy and apparent cardiovascular disease at the home of the Duke of Rutland on Arlington Street, London, in 1827. After lying in state at the Chapel Royal in London,{{cite web |last1=Walford |first1=Edward |title=St James's Palace Pages 100-122 Old and New London: Volume 4. Originally published by Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, 1878. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol4/pp100-122 |website=British History Online |access-date=13 July 2020}} Frederick's remains were interred in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, following his funeral there. The chapel was so cold during the funeral, held at night, that the Foreign Secretary, George Canning, contracted rheumatic fever, becoming so ill that he thought he might not recover;Longford, Elizabeth. Wellington- Pillar of State. Weidenfeld and Nicolson (1972) p.131 Canning died on 8 August the same year.{{cite web |last1=Knight |first1=Sam |title='London Bridge is down': the secret plan for the days after the Queen's death |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/mar/16/what-happens-when-queen-elizabeth-dies-london-bridge |work=The Guardian|access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170802132544/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/mar/16/what-happens-when-queen-elizabeth-dies-london-bridge |archive-date=2 August 2017 |date=17 March 2017 |quote=[In 1827], St George's Chapel was so cold during the burial of the Duke of York that George Canning, the foreign secretary, contracted rheumatic fever and the bishop of London died. |url-status=live}}Stanley, A. P., Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey (London; John Murray; 1882), p. 247.

File:Sir Henry Singleton - The Marriage of the Duke and Duchess of York - 68.46 - Minneapolis Institute of Arts.jpg by Henry Singleton, 1791]]

Frederick married his third cousin Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia, the daughter of King Frederick William II of Prussia and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg, at Charlottenburg, Berlin, on 29 September 1791 and again on 23 November 1791 at Buckingham Palace. The marriage was not a happy one and the couple soon separated. Frederica retired to Oatlands, where she lived until her death in 1820.

File:Coat of Arms of Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany.svg. The inescutcheon of Hanover had an inescutcheon argent charged with a wheel of six spokes gules for the Bishopric of Osnabrück.Fox-Davies, p.498]]

File:Duke of York's Standard (1763-1801) RMG RP-32-25-6.jpg

His honours were as follows:{{London Gazette|issue=18328|page=182|date=24 January 1827}}

• Royal Knight of the Order of the Garter, 19 June 1771Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n135/mode/2up p. 47]
• Knight Grand Cross (military) of the Order of the Bath, 2 January 1815Shaw, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n271/mode/2up p. 180]
• Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 12 August 1815Shaw, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n537/mode/2up p. 447]
• Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle of Prussia, 11 April 1814Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10362193?page=27 p. 17]
• Knight of the Order of the St-Esprit of France, 21 April 1814The Complete Peerage, Volume XII, Part II (1959), page 923, St Catherine's Press (London), editors Godfrey H. White and R.S. Lea.
• Knight of the Order of St. Andrew of Russia, 9 June 1814{{cite book|title=Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ|year=1817|publisher=l'Académie Imp. des Sciences|page=63}}
• Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky of Russia, 9 June 1814{{cite book|title=Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ|year=1817|publisher=l'Académie Imp. des Sciences|page=78}}
• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III of Spain, 21 August 1814{{citation |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5309090274&view=1up&seq=52|title=Caballeros Grandes-cruces existentes en la Real y distinguida Orden Espanola de Carlos Tercero|year=1826|journal=Calendario manual y guía de forasteros en Madrid|access-date=8 October 2020|page=46|language=es|last1=Guerra|first1=Francisco}}
• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Maria Theresa of Austria, 1814

File:FrederickDukeofYork594fc.jpg, Westminster, London]]

File:Duke of York J.Woods after a picture by J.Salmon publ 1837.jpg seen from The Mall, London]]

Fredericton, the capital of the Canadian province of New Brunswick, was named after Prince Frederick. The city was originally named "Frederick's Town".{{cite web|url=http://new-brunswick.net/new-brunswick/fredericton/page1.html|title=Fredericton – Capital City|access-date=21 April 2012}}

Also in Canada, Duke of York Bay, Nunavut was named in his honour, since it was discovered on his birthday, 16 August.Taylor, p.300

A statue of Prince Frederick, stands on the grounds of Edinburgh Castle, Scotland and was unveiled in 1836. The inscription reads: "Field Marshall His Royal Highness Frederick Duke of York and Albany K.G. Commander and Chief of the British Army MDCCCXXVII."[https://canmore.org.uk/site/236871/edinburgh-castle-esplanade-duke-of-york-statue Edinburgh Castle Esplanade, Duke Of York Statue]

In Western Australia, York County and the towns of York and Albany were named after Prince Frederick.{{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Thomas George|title=Western Australia; its history, progress, position, & prospects, Volume 13|date=1860|publisher=G. Street|location=London |page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IilcAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA10}}West, D.A.P., The Settlement on the Sound – Discovery and settlement of the Albany Region 1791–1831, Western Australian Museum, Perth, 1976, reprinted 2004. pp. 55–115. Albany was originally named "Frederick Town".{{cite web |url=http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/item/itemDetailPaged.aspx?itemID=836815 |format=pdf |title=View of Frederick Town, King Georges Sound, at the expiration of the first year of its settlement |last=Nind |first=Isaac Scott |author-link=Isaac Scott Nind |work= Manuscripts, Oral History and Pictures |publisher=State Library of New South Wales |date=7 February 1828 |access-date=12 May 2014 }}

The towering Duke of York Column on Waterloo Place, just off The Mall, London was completed in 1834 as a memorial to Prince Frederick.{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianlondon.org/buildings/dukeofyork.htm|title=Victorian London – Buildings, Monuments and Museums – Duke of York's column|publisher=Victorian London|access-date=21 April 2012}}

The 72nd Regiment of Foot was given the title Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders in 1823 and, in 1881, became 1st Battalion Seaforth Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs, The Duke of Albany's).{{cite web|url=http://www.jamespringle.co.uk/html/old_scots_regiments.html|title=Old Scots Regiments|access-date=21 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511043554/http://www.jamespringle.co.uk/html/old_scots_regiments.html|archive-date=11 May 2012}}

The first British fortification in southern Africa, Fort Frederick, Port Elizabeth, a city in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, was built in 1799 to prevent French assistance for rebellious Boers in the short-lived republic of Graaff-Reinet.{{cite web|url=http://www.nmbt.co.za/listing/fort_frederick.html|title=Fort Frederick|publisher=Nelson Mandela Bay|access-date=21 April 2012}}

The Duke of York's Royal Military School is named in the duke's honour as he was largely responsible for the founding of the school by Royal Warrant in 1801 (it was originally called the Royal Military Asylum for the Children of Soldiers of the Regular Army). The school was moved to its current site near Dover in 1909. The original building still stands in Chelsea, London.{{cite web |title=Royal Military Asylum, Kings Road, Chelsea, London {{!}} Educational Images {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/services-skills/education/educational-images/royal-military-asylum-kings-road-chelsea-london-10241 |website=historicengland.org.uk |access-date=26 March 2024 |language=en}}

{{ahnentafel

|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref={{cite book|title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans| trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA5|year=1768|publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel|location=Bourdeaux|language=fr|page=5}}

| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;

| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;

| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;

| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;

| 1 = 1. Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

| 2 = 2. George III of the United Kingdom

| 3 = 3. Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

| 4 = 4. Frederick, Prince of Wales

| 5 = 5. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

| 6 = 6. Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

| 7 = 7. Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen

| 8 = 8. George II of Great Britain

| 9 = 9. Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach

| 10 = 10. Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

| 11 = 11. Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst

| 12 = 12. Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-StrelitzMcNaughton, vol. 1, p. 413.

| 13 = 13. Princess Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

| 14 = 14. Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-HildburghausenLouda & MacLagan

| 15 = 15. Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach

}}

• Beer money – a notable military allowance of the time
• List of famous duels

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book|author=Cokayne, G. E.|title= The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910–1959), volume XII/2|publisher=Alan Sutton Publishing|year= 2000}}
• {{cite book|author=Fox-Davies, Arthur|url=https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft |title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry|publisher= London|year= 1909|access-date=4 April 2008|author-link=Arthur Charles Fox-Davies }}
• {{cite book|last=Glover|first= Richard|title=Britain at Bay: Defence against Bonaparte, 1803–14, Historical problems: Studies and documents series No.20|publisher= George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London|year=1973}}
• {{cite book|last=Glover|first=Richard|title=Peninsular Preparation: The Reform of the British Army 1795–1809|publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=1963}}
• {{cite book|first=Tony |last=Heathcote|title=The British Field Marshals 1736–1997|publisher= Pen & Sword Books Ltd|year= 1999|isbn= 0-85052-696-5}}
• {{cite book|author1=Opie, I. |author2=Opie, P. |name-list-style=amp |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes|publisher=Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn|year= 1997}}
• {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/namesandtheirhi01taylgoog

|page=[https://archive.org/details/namesandtheirhi01taylgoog/page/n314 300]

|quote=duke of york's bay.

|title=Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography |first=Isaac |last=Taylor |year=1898 |publisher=Rivingtons, London |oclc=4161840 |access-date=4 April 2008}}

• {{cite book|first=Alison |last=Weir|title= Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy|publisher= The Bodley Head, London|year= 1999}}
• {{cite book| first = C. Arnold | last = McNaughton | title = The Book of Kings: A Royal Genealogy | publisher = Garnstone Press | year = 1973}}
• {{cite book| author1 = Louda, Jiri | author2 = MacLagan, Michael | name-list-style = amp | title = Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, 2nd edition | publisher = Little, Brown and Company | year = 1999}}

• {{cite book|last=Burne|first= Alfred |year=1949|title=The Noble Duke of York: The Military Life of Frederick Duke of York and Albany|publisher=Staples Press, London}}
• {{cite web |url=http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/3/5/1/13512/13512.htm |title=Three Voyages for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and Narrative of an Attempt to Reach the North Pole |volume=1 (of 2) |author=Parry, William Edward |year=1844 |pages=Second Voyage, Chapter II |publisher=Project Gutenberg |access-date=4 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915000415/http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/3/5/1/13512/13512.htm |archive-date=15 September 2011 }}

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