Professional hunter

{{Further|Hunting in Australia|Kangaroo industry}}

In Australia several million kangaroos are shot each year by licensed professional hunters in population control programmes, with both their meat and hides sold.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7551125.stm|title=Eat kangaroo to 'save the planet'|date=9 August 2008|access-date=23 October 2008|publisher=BBC News}}{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/environment/an-industry-thats-under-the-gun/2007/09/25/1190486311919.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1|title=An industry that's under the gun|last=Dow|first=Steve|date=26 September 2007|access-date=19 August 2008|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/australia/australians-hunt-kangaroos-commercially-does-it-make-sense.aspx|title=Australians Hunt Kangaroos Commercially. Does It Make Sense?|last1=York|first1=Catherine|last2=Bale|first2=Rachael|date=2017-11-21|website=www.nationalgeographic.com.au|access-date=2019-02-06}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-roo-shooter-20081108-5klc.html|title=The roo shooter|last=Tippet|first=Gary|date=2008-11-08|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-02-06}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/comment-bans-on-kangaroo-products-are-a-case-of-emotion-trumping-science|title=Comment: Bans on kangaroo products are a case of emotion trumping science|last1=Johnson|first1=Christopher|last2=Woinarski|first2=John|date=2015-10-05|website=SBS News|language=en|access-date=2019-02-06|last3=Cooney|first3=Rosie}}

German professional hunters (Berufsjäger or Berufsjägerinnen depending on gender) mostly work for large private forest estates and for state-owned forest enterprises, where they control browsing by reducing the numbers of ungulates like roe deer or chamois, manage populations of sought-after trophy species like red deer and act as hunting guides for paying clients.{{Cite web |url=http://www.stmelf.bayern.de/berufsbildung/berufe/003308/ |title=Revierjäger / Revierjägerin |website=stmelf.bayern.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-07}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.welt.de/welt_print/vermischtes/article9083154/Die-Schule-der-Jaeger.html |title=Die Schule der Jäger |last=Fuhr |first=Eckhard |date=2010-08-19|work=WELT|access-date=2019-02-07|language=de}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.berufsjaegerverband.de/page/beruf-berufsjaeger/berufsbild.php|title=Bundesverbandes Deutscher Berufsjäger - Berufsbild |website=berufsjaegerverband.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-07}}

File:Professional hunter with a hunting guest Kalahari Namibia 01.png, Namibia]]

The countries of Southern and Eastern Africa, especially Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, are major destinations for big-game hunting tourism in Africa.{{Cite book|url=https://conservation-development.net/Projekte/Nachhaltigkeit/CD1/Benin/Broschuere/Benin.pdf|title=Use it or lose it - Jagdtourismus und Wildtierzucht für Naturschutz und Entwicklung - Anregungen aus Benin|last1=Dittrich|first1=Monika|last2=Eissing|first2=Stefanie|publisher=Kasparek Verlag|year=2007|isbn=9783925064449|location=Heidelberg|pages=19|language=de|oclc=542042412|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116050313/https://conservation-development.net/Projekte/Nachhaltigkeit/CD1/Benin/Broschuere/Benin.pdf|archive-format=PDF|archive-date=2019-01-16}}{{Cite book|url=https://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/troph1.pdf|title=Trophäenjagd auf gefährdete Arten im Ausland - BfN-Positionspapier|last1=Grosse|first1=Christine|last2=Boye|first2=Peter|last3=Grimm|first3=Ute|last4=Haupt|first4=Heiko|last5=Martens|first5=Harald|last6=Weinfurter|first6=Monika|publisher=Bundesamt für Naturschutz - BfN|year=2001|series=BfN-Skripten|volume=40|location=Bonn|pages=4|language=de|oclc=76228562|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116050157/https://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/troph1.pdf|archive-format=PDF|archive-date=2019-01-16}} Local professional hunters, often simply referred to as PH, act as hunting guides for paying guest hunters and manage safari hunting businesses.{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/counting-the-contribution-of-hunting-to-south-africas-economy-106715|title=Counting the contribution of hunting to South Africa's economy|last=Merwe|first=Peet Van Der|website=The Conversation|date=15 November 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}{{Cite book|title=Namibia|last1=Pack|first1=Livia|last2=Pack|first2=Peter|publisher=DuMont-Reiseverlag|year=2013|isbn=9783770167159|edition=6., vollst. überarb. Auflage|location=Ostfildern|pages=142|language=de|oclc=819513660}}{{Cite web|url=https://phasa.co.za/who-and-what-is-phasa/|title=Who and What is PHASA|website=Professional Hunters Association of South Africa (PHASA)|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-04}}

Historically, professional big-game hunters of European descent who plied their trade in Africa, especially during the first half of the 20th century, are often referred to as "white hunters" or "great white hunters".{{cite news|title=Lost Civilizations and Great White Hunters - Imperialist Adventure Literature| url=http://silentmoviemonsters.tripod.com/TheLostWorld/LWIMPAD.html| author=Jan Morris| journal= The Spectacle of Empire| access-date=7 August 2013}}

File:Professional stalker standing next to red deer stag Ardnamurchan Estate Scotland darker 01.png stag shot on Ardnamurchan estate in the Scottish Highlands]]

{{Main|Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom}}

British professional stalkers and gamekeepers primarily work on large estates, especially in the Scottish Highlands, where they most commonly manage red deer, common pheasant, red grouse and French partridge.{{Cite book|title=Managing Scotland's environment|url=https://archive.org/details/managingscotland00warr|url-access=limited|last=Warren|first=Charles R.|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780748630639|edition=2nd ed., completely rev. and updated|location=Edinburgh|pages=[https://archive.org/details/managingscotland00warr/page/n73 45] ff., 179 ff|oclc=647881331}}{{Cite book|title=Lairds, Land and Sustainability: Scottish Perspectives on Upland Management|last=Glass|first=Jayne|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780748685882|location=Edinburgh|oclc=859160940}} Early in the 20th century there were an estimated 25,000 professional stalkers and gamekeepers employed in the UK,{{Cite book|title=English Landed Society in the Great War: Defending the Realm|last=Edward|first=Bujak|isbn=9781472592163|series=Bloomsbury Studies in Military History|location=London|pages=71|oclc=1049577685|date = 2018-10-18}} while today there are some 3000.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgamekeepers.org.uk/about-gamekeeping|title=About Gamekeeping|website=www.nationalgamekeepers.org.uk|access-date=2019-02-07}}

File:Bison skull pile edit.jpg |date= March 1995 |location= Norman, Oklahoma |isbn= 978-0-8061-2694-4 |url= https://archive.org/details/cherokeeoutletco00laba }}]]{{Further|Tragedy of the commons|Bison hunting}}

In a North American context the terms market hunter and commercial hunter are predominantly used to refer to hunters of the 19th and early 20th century who sold or traded the flesh, bones, skins and feathers of slain animals as a source of income. These hunters focused on species which gathered in large numbers for breeding, feeding, or migration and were organized into factory-like groups that would systematically depopulate an area of any valuable wildlife over a short period of time. The animals which were hunted included bison, deer, ducks and other waterfowl, geese, pigeons and many other birds, seals and walruses, fish, river mussels, and clams.{{citation|last=Browne|first=Ray Broadus|title=Objects of special devotion: fetishism in popular culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NO5DkzptBeoC|page=154|year=1982|publisher=Popular Press|isbn=978-0-87972-191-6}}

Populations of large birds were severely depleted through the 19th and early 20th century. The extermination of several species and the threatened loss of others caused popular legislation effectively prohibiting this form of commercial hunting in the United States. Hunting seasons were eventually established to conserve surviving wildlife and allow a certain amount of recovery and re-population to occur. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act signed in 1918 regulated hunting and prohibited all hunting of wood ducks until 1941 and swans until 1962.{{cite book|title=The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds|last=Terres|first=John K.|date=1980|publisher=Alfred Knopf|isbn=978-0-394-46651-4|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyen00terr/page/176 176, 181, 264–265, 283, 453, 495, 588–589, 598–59, 733–735, and 769–770]|url=https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyen00terr/page/176}}

File:Feral hog hunt by helicopter TX WS.jpgs from a helicopter by the Texas Wildlife Services]]

Agencies like the federal Wildlife Services (not to be confused with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service), part of the United States Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), and its equivalents on the state level employ professional hunters for lethal as well as non-lethal control of wildlife, for example, dealing with wildlife preying on livestock (or humans) and engaging in bird control to prevent bird strikes.{{Cite book|title=Animals and Society: An Introduction to Human-Animal Studies|last=DeMello|first=Margo|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2012|isbn=9780231526760|location=New York|pages=76|oclc=811411867}}{{Cite book|title=Resolving Human-Wildlife Conflicts: The Science of Wildlife Damage Management|last=Conover|first=Michael R.|publisher=Lewis Publishers|year=2002|isbn=9781420032581|location=Boca Raton, Fla.|pages=31, 171|oclc=122907019}}{{Cite book|title=The Politically Incorrect Guide to Hunting|last=Miniter|first=Frank|publisher=Regnery Publishing|year=2007|isbn=9781596985407|pages=141 ff|oclc=647916418}} The federal Wildlife Services alone has a staff of around 750 professional hunters. It works on around 565 airports around the United States to identify and reduce threats posed by bird strikes.

• {{annotated link|Poaching}}
• {{annotated link|Trapping}}
• {{annotated link|Wildlife management}}

{{Reflist}}

• Dickson, Barney., Hutton, Jonathan., Adams, W. M. (2009). Recreational Hunting, Conservation and Rural Livelihoods. (= Conservation Science and Practice). Wiley-Blackwell, {{ISBN|9781444303179}}.
• Gissibl, B. (2016). The conservation of luxury: Safari hunting and the consumption of wildlife in twentieth-century East Africa. In K. Hofmeester & B. Grewe (Eds.), Luxury in Global Perspective: Objects and Practices, 1600–2000 (Studies in Comparative World History, pp. 263–300). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316257913.011.
• Jacoby, Karl (2001). Crimes against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden History of American Conservation. Berkeley: University of California Press, {{ISBN|9780520282292}}.
• Lovelock, Brent (2007). Tourism and the consumption of wildlife: hunting, shooting and sport fishing. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-203-93432-6}}.
• van der Merwe, Peet; du Plessis, Lindie (2014). Game farming and hunting tourism. African Sun Media. {{ISBN|978-0-9922359-1-8}}.

{{Commons category-inline|Professional hunters}}

{{Authority control}}

Professional

Professional hunter