Project NIMROD

The project was set up by Ted Fujita and Ramesh Srivastava from the University of Chicago, with research assistants from the university Roger Wakimoto and Gregory S. Forbes helping, along with researcher Jim Wilson from NCAR.{{cite book|author=David Atlas|author-link=David Atlas|title=Radar in Meteorology: Battan Memorial and 40th Anniversary Radar Meteorology Conference|chapter=5.1: Basic Field Experiments|publisher=American Meteorological Society|location=Boston|year=1990|pages=669|isbn=9781935704157|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c9G9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA669}} The network was composed of 3 Doppler weather radars (2 C-band radars, 1 CP-3 and 1 CP-4, along with a CHILL S-band radar) disposed in a triangular baseline approximately {{Convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} from one another, and 27 Portable Automated Mesonets (PAMs) from NCAR forming a mesonet in and around the Chicago area.{{cite web|author=Earth Observing Laboratory|title=Northern Illinois Meteorological Research On Downburst|url=https://www.eol.ucar.edu/field_projects/nimrod|access-date=May 24, 2020|publisher=NCAR}}{{cite journal|author=Robert E. Peterson Jr.|title=A Triple-Doppler Radar Analysis of a Discretely Propagating Multicell Convective Storm|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences|publisher=AMS|volume=40|issue=20|date=October 1984|issn=1520-0469|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2973:ATDRAO>2.0.CO;2|pages=2973–2990|bibcode=1984JAtS...41.2973P|doi-access=free}}

O'Hare International Airport was intentionally part of the location used for the project, so that the low-level winds of the area could be measured near a large airport. The location was also chosen to include corn crops, as a way to measure wind, and the study was performed in late spring so the corn would be in its growing season. The nominal height of the PAMs were {{Convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}}; they were placed in both suburban areas and fields. Operations were made from the site of the CP-3 radar, where roughly 200 rawinsondes every 30–60 minutes upon request. Field offices of the National Weather Service informed the project on "significant" tornadoes and downbursts, and helped complete damage surveys.

File:Bow echo diagram.svges are associated with different types of severe winds.]]

Not many studies had been conducted on downdrafts from thunderstorms before this one, and the extension of their effects was not well known. Fujita suspected that localized downdrafts, later called microbursts, were responsible for damage on the ground and were involved in some airplane crashes, such as the June 24, 1975 Eastern Air Lines Flight 66, which crashed during landing at New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport, killing 113 and injuring the other 11 on board.{{cite report |date=March 12, 1976|title=Aircraft Accident Report, Eastern Airlines, Inc. Boeing 727-225, N8845E, John F. Kennedy International Airport, Jamaica, New York, June 24, 1975|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR7608.pdf|work=National Transportation Safety Board|id=AAR/76/08|access-date=February 7, 2016}}

Fujita had hypothesized during the inquiry that the cause was a sudden burst of air coming down from a thunderstorm from his previous study of the effects of the damage caused by the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki in August 1945,{{Cite web|title=Tetsuya "Ted" Fujita, 1920–1998|url=http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/98/981120.fujita.shtml|access-date=July 17, 2021|website=www-news.uchicago.edu}} and some unexplained damage during the 1974 Super Outbreak of tornadoes.{{cite report |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19760014753.pdf |title=Spearhead echo and downburst near the approach end of a John F. Kennedy Airport runway, New York City |author=T. Theodore Fujita |author-link=Ted Fujita |date=March 1, 1976 |access-date=February 9, 2016 }} However, there was strong resistance from the meteorological community. He convinced the National Science Foundation and NCAR to fund projects to study thunderstorm downdrafts. NIMROD was the first large scale experiment to study this phenomenon. and it was the first time that Fujita had used Doppler radar data; he had no previous experience in the interpretation of their data, but quickly became comfortable with them.{{cite journal| first1= James W.| last1= Wilson| first2= Roger M.| last2= Wakimoto| date= January 2001| title= The Discovery of the Downburst: T. T. Fujita's Contribution | journal= Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society | volume= 82| issue= 1| pages = 49–62| doi= 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0049:TDOTDT>2.3.CO;2| bibcode= 2001BAMS...82...49W| issn= 1520-0477| doi-access= free}}

Shortly after the start of the field program, the first recorded microburst on Doppler weather radar was viewed on the CP-3 radar at Yorkville, Illinois, on May 29, 1978. On the first scan of a thunderstorm, the Doppler velocity display showed a doublet of inbound-outbound velocities which was followed by observation of a gust front. Data obtained during the whole project permitted to describe the three-dimensional motion of the air in thunderstorms and their structure as different types of systems, such as single cells, multi-cells, and bow echoes, but including others as well.{{cite journal|author=Roger M. Wakimoto|author-link=Roger Wakimoto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvCGx57WKvIC&pg=PA1061|title=The Life Cycle of Thunderstorm Gust Fronts as Viewed with Doppler radar and Rawindsounde Data|journal=Monthly Weather Review|publisher=AMS|volume=110|issue=7|date=July 1982|issn=0027-0644|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<1060:TLCOTG>2.0.CO;2|pages=1060–1082|bibcode = 1982MWRv..110.1060W|access-date=May 24, 2020|doi-access=free}}

This first experiment has been followed by numerous others since 1978. Some of these include the JAWS (Joint Airport and Weather Studies) in 1982, the MIST (Microburst and Severe Thunderstorm Experiment) in 1986 led by Fujita, and the VORTEX projects.{{cite journal |last = Bluestein |first = Howard B. |title = A History of Severe-Storm-Intercept Field Programs |journal = Wea. Forecasting |volume = 14 |issue = 4 |pages = 558–77 |date = 1999 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0558:AHOSSI>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1999WtFor..14..558B |doi-access = free }} All of them have led to a better understanding of severe weather during the summer, leading to better airport and public safety.{{cite web|author=National Severe Storms Laboratory|author-link=National Severe Storms Laboratory|date=2020|title=Vortex@NSSL|url=https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/projects/vortex/|access-date=June 21, 2020|publisher=National Weather Service}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|language=en|last1=Fujita |first1=T. T. |year=1978 |title=Manual of downburst identification for project Nimrod. |series=Satellite and Mesometeorology Research Paper|volume= 156 |publisher= Dept. of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19780022828.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219184620/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19780022828.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-19}}
• {{cite conference|language=en|last1=Fujita |first1=T. T. |year=1978 |title=Objective, operation, and results of Project NIMROD. |conference=11th Conf. on Severe Local Storms|location= Kansas City, MO |publisher=Amer. Meteor. Soc.|pages=259–266}}.

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Category:Meteorology research and field projects

Category:Severe weather and convection