Prose

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Prose is language that follows the natural flow or rhythm of speech, ordinary grammatical structures, or, in writing, typical conventions and formatting. Thus, prose ranges from informal speaking to formal academic writing. Prose differs most notably from poetry, which follows some type of intentional, contrived, artistic structure. Poetic structures vary dramatically by language; in English poetry, language is often organized by a rhythmic metre and a rhyme scheme.

The ordinary language of a region or community and many other forms and styles of language fall under prose, a label that can describe both speech and writing. In writing, prose is visually formatted differently than poetry. Poetry is traditionally written in verse: a series of lines on a page, parallel to the way that a person would highlight the structure orally if saying the poem aloud; for example, poetry may end with a rhyme at the end of each line, making the entire work more melodious or memorable. Prose uses writing conventions and formatting that may highlight meaning—for instance, the use of a new paragraph for a new speaker in a novel—but does not follow any special rhythmic or other artistic structure.

The word "prose" first appeared in English in the 14th century. It is derived from the Old French prose, which in turn originates in the Latin expression prosa oratio (literally, straightforward or direct speech).{{Cite web| title = prose (n.)| work = Online Etymology Dictionary| access-date = 19 January 2015| url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=prose&allowed_in_frame=0}} In highly-literate cultures where spoken rhetoric is considered relatively unimportant, definitions of prose may be narrower, including only written language (but including written speech or dialogue). In written languages, spoken and written prose usually differ sharply. Sometimes, these differences are transparent to those using the languages; linguists studying extremely literal transcripts for conversation analysis see them, but ordinary language-users are unaware of them.

Academic writing (works of philosophy, history, economics, etc.), journalism, and fiction are usually written in prose (excepting verse novels etc.). Developments in twentieth century literature, including free verse, concrete poetry, and prose poetry, have led to the idea of poetry and prose as two ends on a spectrum rather than firmly distinct from each other. The British poet T. S. Eliot noted, whereas "the distinction between verse and prose is clear, the distinction between poetry and prose is obscure."Eliot, T. S. Poetry & Prose: The Chapbook, Poetry Bookshop London, 1921.

History

{{See||Chinese prose|Ancient Greek literature|Roman literature|Elizabethan literature#Prose|Augustan prose|Restoration literature#Prose genres|Prose of the Ottoman Empire}}

Latin was a major influence on the development of prose in many European countries. Especially important was the great Roman orator Cicero (106–43 BC)."Literature", Encyclopædia Britannica. online It was the lingua franca among literate Europeans until quite recent times, and the great works of Descartes (1596–1650), Francis Bacon (1561–1626), and Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) were published in Latin. Among the last important books written primarily in Latin prose were the works of Swedenborg (d. 1772), Linnaeus (d. 1778), Euler (d. 1783), Gauss (d. 1855), and Isaac Newton (d. 1727).

Latin's role was replaced by French from the 17th.- to the mid-20th century, i.e. until the uptake of English:

:For about three hundred years French prose was the form in which the European intelligence shaped and communicated its thoughts about history, diplomacy, definition, criticism, human relationships — everything except metaphysics. It is arguable that the non-existence of a clear, concrete German prose has been one of the chief disasters to European civilisation.{{cite book | last=Clark | first=Kenneth| title=Civilisation: A Personal View | year=1969 | location=London | publisher=BBC and John Murray | page=220| oclc=879537495|via=repetition in the TV series of the same name.}}

Qualities

Prose usually lacks the more formal metrical structure of the verses found in traditional poetry. It comprises full grammatical sentences (other than in stream of consciousness narrative), and paragraphs, whereas poetry often involves a metrical or rhyming scheme. Some works of prose make use of rhythm and verbal music. Verse is normally more systematic or formulaic, while prose is closer to both ordinary, and conversational speech.

In Molière's play Le Bourgeois gentilhomme the character Monsieur Jourdain asked for something to be written in neither verse nor prose, to which a philosophy master replies: "there is no other way to express oneself than with prose or verse", for the simple reason that "everything that is not prose is verse, and everything that is not verse is prose".{{cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2992/2992-h/2992-h.htm |title=Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme |work=English translation accessible via Project Gutenberg |access-date=2010-01-31}}

American novelist Truman Capote, in an interview, commented as follows on prose style:

{{Quotation|I believe a story can be wrecked by a faulty rhythm in a sentence— especially if it occurs toward the end—or a mistake in paragraphing, even punctuation. Henry James is the maestro of the semicolon. Hemingway is a first-rate paragrapher. From the point of view of ear, Virginia Woolf never wrote a bad sentence. I don't mean to imply that I successfully practice what I preach. I try, that's all.{{cite journal|last1=Hill|first1=Pati |title=Truman Capote, The Art of Fiction No. 17|journal=The Paris Review|volume=Spring-Summer 1957|issue= 16|url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4867/the-art-of-fiction-no-17-truman-capote|access-date=18 February 2015}}}}

= Types =

Many types of prose exist, which include those used in works of nonfiction, prose poem,{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzunYckU4woC | title=Great American Prose Poems | publisher=Simon and Schuster | author=Lehman, David | year=2008 | isbn=978-1439105115}} alliterative prose and prose fiction.

A prose poem – is a composition in prose that has some of the qualities of a poem.{{cite dictionary| url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prose%20poem|title=Prose poem|dictionary=Merriam-Webster|access-date=2012-05-27}}
Haikai prose – combines haiku and prose.
Prosimetrum – is a poetic composition which exploits a combination of prose and verse (metrum);Braund, Susanna. "[http://www.paulyonline.brill.nl/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/prosimetrum-e1010870 Prosimetrum]". In Cancil, Hubert, and Helmuth Schneider, eds. Brill's New Pauly. Brill Online, 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2015. in particular, it is a text composed in alternating segments of prose and verse.Brogan, T.V.F. "Prosimetrum". In Green et al., pp. 1115–1116. It is widely found in Western and Eastern literature.
Purple prose – is prose that is so extravagant, ornate, or flowery as to break the flow and draw excessive attention to itself.{{cite web |title=A Word a Day – purple prose |url=http://www.wordsmith.org/words/purple_prose.html |website=Wordsmith.org |access-date=26 December 2014}}

=Divisions=

Prose is divided into two main divisions:

Fiction
Non fiction

References

External links

[http://literarydevices.net/prose Examples of prose]

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