Psychrobacter

{{Automatic taxobox

|taxon=Psychrobacter

|authority=Juni and Heym 1986{{cite journal|last1=Parte|first1=A.C.|title=Psychrobacter|journal=LPSN|url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/psychrobacter}}

|type_species=Psychrobacter immobilis

|type_species_authority=

|subdivision_ranks=Species

|subdivision=See text.

}}

Psychrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, osmotolerant, oxidase-positive, psychrophilic or psychrotolerant, aerobic bacteria which belong to the family Moraxellaceae and the class Gammaproteobacteria.{{Cite journal |last1=Maruyama |first1=A. |last2=Honda |first2=D. |last3=Yamamoto |first3=H. |last4=Kitamura |first4=K. |last5=Higashihara |first5=T. |title=Phylogenetic analysis of psychrophilic bacteria isolated from the Japan Trench, including a description of the deep-sea species Psychrobacter pacificensis sp. nov. |doi=10.1099/00207713-50-2-835 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=835–46 |year=2000 |pmid= 10758895|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Bozal |first1=N. |title=Characterization of several Psychrobacter strains isolated from Antarctic environments and description of Psychrobacter luti sp. nov. And Psychrobacter fozii sp. nov |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.02457-0 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1093–1100 |year=2003 |pmid= 12892132}}{{Cite book |last1=Bowman |first1=J. P. |chapter=The Genus Psychrobacter |doi=10.1007/0-387-30746-X_35 |title=The Prokaryotes |pages=920–930 |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-387-25496-8 }} The shape is typically cocci or coccobacilli.[http://vri.cz/docs/vetmed/46-4-95.pdf Psychrobacter immobilis isolated from foods: characteristics and identification Vet. Med. - Czech, 46, 2001 (4):95-100] Some of those bacteria were isolated from humans and can cause humans infections such as endocarditis and peritonitis.{{cite book |author=Elmer W. Koneman |title=Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology |edition=6 |publisher=Lippencott Williams & Wil |date=11 January 2005 |isbn=0781730147}}[http://www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/products/all/23333.aspx?geo_country=de ATCC] This genus of bacteria is able to grow at temperatures between −10 and 42 °C.{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=S. J. |last2=Shin |first2=S. C. |last3=Hong |first3=S. G. |last4=Lee |first4=Y. M. |last5=Choi |first5=I. -G. |last6=Park |first6=H. |doi=10.1128/JB.00234-12 |title=Genome Sequence of a Novel Member of the Genus Psychrobacter Isolated from Antarctic Soil |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=194 |issue=9 |pages=2403 |year=2012 |pmid= 22493207|pmc =3347060 }} Rudi Rossau found through DNA-rRNA hybridization analysis that Psychrobacter belongs to the Moraxellaceae.{{Cite journal |last1=Romanenko |first1=L. A. |title=Psychrobacter submarinus sp. nov. And Psychrobacter marincola sp. nov., psychrophilic halophiles from marine environments |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.02087-0 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=1291–1297 |year=2002 |pmid= 12148642}} The first species (Psychrobacter immobilis) was described by Juni and Heym.{{Cite journal |last1=Juni |first1=E. |last2=Heym |first2=G. A. |doi=10.1099/00207713-36-3-388 |title=Psychrobacter immobilis gen. nov., sp. nov.: Genospecies Composed of Gram-Negative, Aerobic, Oxidase-Positive Coccobacilli |journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=388 |year=1986 |doi-access=free }} Psychrobacter occur in wide range of moist, cold saline habitats,{{cite book |author1=Martin Dworkin |author2=Stanley Falkow |author3=Eugene Rosenberg |author4=Karl-Heinz Schleifer |author5=Erko Stackebrandt |title=The Prokaryotes: Proteobacteria: Gamma Subclass: A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria Vol. 6|edition= 3 |publisher=Springer |date=2006-09-28 |isbn=038725496X}} but they also occur in warm and slightly saline habitats.{{cite book |author1=Koki Horikoshi |author2=Garabed Antranikian |author3=Alan T. Bull |author4=Frank T. Robb |author5=Karl O. Stetter |title=Extremophiles Handbook Vol. 1|publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-4431538974}}

Hypoacylated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Psychrobacter cryohalolentis and Psychrobacter arcticus induces moderate TLR4-mediated inflammatory response in macrophages and such LPS bioactivity may potentially result in the failure of local and systemic bacterial clearance in patients.{{cite journal |last1=Korneev |first1=KV |last2=Kondakova |first2=AN |last3=Arbatsky |first3=NP |last4=Novototskaya-Vlasova |first4=KA |last5=Rivkina |first5=EM |last6=Anisimov |first6=AP |last7=Kruglov |first7=AA |last8=Kuprash |first8=DV |last9=Nedospasov |first9=SA |last10=Knirel |first10=YA |last11=Drutskaya |first11=MS |title=Distinct biological activity of lipopolysaccharides with different lipid A acylation status from mutant strains of Yersinia pestis and some members of genus Psychrobacter. |journal=Biochemistry. Biokhimiia |date=December 2014 |volume=79 |issue=12 |pages=1333–8 |doi=10.1134/S0006297914120062 |pmid=25716726|s2cid=2948187 }}

Species include:

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|

}}

Psychrobacter

References

Further reading