Ptolemaic dynasty#Ptolemaic family tree

{{short description|Macedonian Greek royal family which ruled Egypt}}

{{Royal house

| surname = Ptolemies

| native_name = Πτολεμαῖοι

| image = Ptolemaic eagle.png{{!}}class=skin-invert

| coat of arms = {{center|<-p:t-wA-l:M-i-i-s->}}

| image_caption = The Eagle of Zeus was the traditional symbol of Ptolemaic Egypt

| type = Royal house

| country = Ancient Egypt, Ancient Macedonia, Ancient Rome

| titles = Pharaoh
Basileus of Egypt
King of Macedonia
King of Mauretania Caesariensis
King of Syria
King of Cyrene

| founder = Ptolemy I Soter

| dissolution = AD 79

| final ruler = Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XV
(Egypt)
Ptolemy XVI
(Syria)
Ptolemy of Mauretania
(Mauretania Caesariensis)

| final_head = Drusilla

| founding year = 305 BC

| ethnicity =

| deposition = 279 BC (Macedon)
30 BC (Egypt)
AD 40 (Mauretania)

| cadet branches =

}}

The Ptolemaic dynasty ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|ɒ|l|ɪ|ˈ|m|eɪ|.|ɪ|k}}; {{langx|grc|Πτολεμαῖοι}}, Ptolemaioi), also known as the Lagid dynasty ({{lang|grc|Λαγίδαι}}, Lagidai; after Ptolemy I's father, Lagus), was a Macedonian Greek{{Sfn|Jones|2006|p=xiii: "They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great"}}{{Sfn|Jeffreys|2005|p=488: "Ptolemaic kings were still crowned at Memphis and the city was popularly regarded as the Egyptian rival to Alexandria, founded by the Macedonian Greeks"}}{{Sfn|Robins|2001|p=108: "...Cleopatra VII, the last member of the Greek Ptolemaic dynasty to govern Egypt. Although the Ptolemies were not only Greek by origin but also by culture, they adopted from the Egyptians the custom of royal brother-sister marriage"}}{{Sfn|Southern|2009|p=43: "The Ptolemaic dynasty, of which Cleopatra was the last representative (...) stemmed from Ptolemy Soter, a Macedonian Greek in the entourage of Alexander the Great"}}{{harvnb|Depuydt|2005|p=687: "during the Ptolemaic period, when Egypt was governed by rulers of Greek descent..."}}; {{harvnb|Pomeroy|1990|p=xvi: "...while Ptolemaic Egypt was a monarchy with a Greek ruling class"}} royal house which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Ancient Egypt during the Hellenistic period. Reigning for 275 years, the Ptolemaic was the longest and last dynasty of ancient Egypt from 305 BC until its incorporation into the Roman Republic in 30 BC.{{Sfn|Jones|2006|p=3}}Epiphanius of Salamis, however, puts the total number of years of the Ptolemaic dynasty at 306, presumably calculated from 306/5 BC to 1 AD. See: Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures – The Syriac Version (ed. James Elmer Dean), University of Chicago Press 1935, p. 28 (note 104). Compare On Weights and Measures.

Ptolemy, a general and one of the somatophylakes (bodyguard companions) of Alexander the Great, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC he declared himself Pharaoh Ptolemy I, later known as Sōter "Saviour". The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt.{{Efn|As such, in modern times they are sometimes called the Thirty-third (XXXIII) Dynasty in the context of Ancient Egyptian history}} The new dynasty showed respect to local traditions and adopted the Egyptian titles and iconography, while also preserving their own Greek language and culture.{{Sfn|Southern|2009|pp=43-44}}{{Sfn|Jones|2006|p=3}} The Ptolemaic period was marked by the intense interactions and blending of the Greek and Egyptian cultures.{{Sfn|Rutherford|2016|p=4: "The second [phase of relationship between Greek and Egyptian culture] begins when Egypt is taken over by a Greek-speaking elite in the last decades of the fourth century. From then on, the two cultures coexisted, which inevitably resulted in interactions and mutual influence between them"}} Under the Ptolemies, Hellenistic religion was largely shaped by religious syncretism and imperial cult.{{Sfn|Potter|2009|p=419}}{{Sfn|Carney|2013|pp=95-100|loc="Cults"}} Elements of Greek education became widespread in urban spaces, culminating in the foundation of the Mouseion (including the Library of Alexandria) and the Serapeum.{{Sfn|Holbl|2001|p=84}} During the Hellenistic period, the city of Alexandria, founded by Alexander the Great, would gradually surpass Athens taking its place as the intellectual centre of the Mediterranean world.{{Sfn|Jones|2006|p=10}}

To emulate the previous dynasties of Egypt, the Ptolemaic dynasty eventually adopted the practice of inbreeding including sibling marriage;{{Sfn|Robins|2001|p=108: "...they adopted from the Egyptians the custom of royal brother-sister marriage"}} this did not start in earnest until nearly a century into the dynasty's history.[https://www.avclub.com/move-over-lannisters-no-one-did-incest-and-murder-lik-1830399087 Move over, Lannisters: No one did incest and murder like the last pharaohs] on The A.V. Club All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy, while queens regnant were all called Cleopatra, Arsinoe, or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her apparent suicide after the Roman conquest of Egypt marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt.{{Cite web |title=Cleopatra the Great: Last Power of the Ptolemaic Dynasty |url=https://arce.org/resource/cleopatra-great-last-power-ptolemaic-dynasty/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=ARCE |language=en}}

Rulers and consorts{{anchor|Rulers}}

Ptolemy I Soter (303–282 BC){{Cite web|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Ptolemy_I/|title=Ptolemy I|last=Wasson|first=Donald|date=February 3, 2012|publisher=World History Encyclopedia|access-date=October 1, 2016}} married first Thaïs, then Artakama, then Eurydice, and finally Berenice I
Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246 BC)Tunny, Jennifer(2001)The Health of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists/ Vol.38(1/4), pp.119–134 married Arsinoe I, then Arsinoe II; ruled jointly with Ptolemy Epigonos (267–259 BC)
Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–221 BC) married Berenice II
Ptolemy IV Philopator (221–203 BC) married Arsinoe III
Ptolemy V Epiphanes (203–181 BC) married Cleopatra I Syra
Ptolemy VI Philometor (181–164 BC, 163–145 BC) married Cleopatra II, briefly ruled jointly with Ptolemy Eupator in 152 BC
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (possibly never reigned)
Ptolemy VIII Physcon (170–163 BC, 145–116 BC) married Cleopatra II, then Cleopatra III; temporarily expelled from Alexandria by Cleopatra II from 131 to 127 BC, then reconciled with her in 124 BC.
Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira (131–127 BC), in opposition to Ptolemy VIII Physcon
Ptolemy Apion (c. 120–96 BC), son of Ptolemy VIII. Last Ptolemaic king of Cyrene.
Cleopatra III Philometor Soteira Dikaiosyne Nikephoros (Kokke) (116–101 BC) ruled jointly with Ptolemy IX Lathyros (116–107 BC) and Ptolemy X Alexander I (107–101 BC)
Ptolemy IX Lathyros (116–107 BC, 88–81 BC as Soter II) married Cleopatra IV, then Cleopatra Selene; ruled jointly with Cleopatra III in his first reign
Ptolemy X Alexander I (107–88 BC) married Cleopatra Selene, then Berenice III; ruled jointly with Cleopatra III till 101 BC
Berenice III Philopator (81–80 BC)
Ptolemy XI Alexander II (80 BC) married and ruled jointly with Berenice III before murdering her; ruled alone for 19 days after that.
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes) (80–58 BC, 55–51 BC) married Cleopatra V Tryphaena
Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (58–57 BC) ruled jointly with Berenice IV Epiphaneia (58–55 BC), possibly identical with Cleopatra V TryphaenaW. Huß, Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit (Egypt in Hellenistic times). C. H. Beck, Munich 2001, p. 679
Cleopatra ("Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator", 51–30 BC) ruled jointly with Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator (51–47 BC), Ptolemy XIV (47–44 BC) and Ptolemy XV Caesarion (44–30 BC).
Arsinoe IV (48–47 BC), in opposition to Cleopatra
Ptolemy of Mauretania (13 or 9 BC–AD 40) Client king and ruler of Mauretania for Rome

Dates in brackets on the Cup of the Ptolemies represent the regnal dates of the Ptolemaic pharaohs. They frequently ruled jointly with their wives, who were often also their sisters, aunts or cousins. Several queens exercised regal authority. Of these, one of the last and most famous was Cleopatra ("Cleopatra VII Philopator", 51–30 BC), with her two brothers and her son serving as successive nominal co-rulers. Several systems exist for numbering the later rulers; the one used here is the one most widely employed by modern scholars.

Family tree

{{chart/start|align=center| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 43 boxes}}

{{chart|border=1| | | Lag |y| Ars |Lag=Lagus of Eordea, Macedon|Ars=Arsinoe of Macedon}}

{{chart|border=1| | | | |PTOL1|y|BERE1|y|PHILI| | | | | | | | | | | | | PTOL1=Ptolemy I
Soter
(Kg 303–282 BC)| BERE1=Berenice I| PHILI=Philip}}

{{chart|border=1| |,|-|-|-|v|-|'| | | |`|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{chart|border=1|ARSI2|~|PTOL2|y|ARSI1| |MAGAS|y|APAM2| | | | | | | | | ARSI2=Arsinoe II| PTOL2=Ptolemy II
Philadelphus
(Kg. 285–246 BC)| ARSI1=Arsinoe I| MAGAS=Magas
of Cyrene| APAM2=Apama II}}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | |`|-|.| | | |,|-|'| | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |PTOL3|y|BERE2| | | | | | | | | | | | | PTOL3=Ptolemy III
Euergetes
(Kg. 246–221 BC)| BERE2=Berenice II}}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |PTOL4|y|ARSI3| | | | | | | | | | | | | PTOL4=Ptolemy IV
Philopator
(Kg. 221–203 BC)| ARSI3=Arsinoe III}}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |,|-|'| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |PTOL5|y|CLEO1| | | | | | | | | | | | | PTOL5=Ptolemy V
Epiphanes
(Kg. 203–181 BC)| CLEO1=Cleopatra I
Syra}}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }}

{{chart|border=1| | | | |PTOL6|y|CLEO2|~|~|y|~|V|PTOL8|y|EIREN| | | | | PTOL6=Ptolemy VI
Philometor
(Kg. 181–164 BC,
163–145 BC)| CLEO2=Cleopatra II
(Qn. 131–127 BC)| PTOL8=Ptolemy VIII
Physcon
(Kg. 170–163 BC,
145–116 BC)| EIREN=Eirene}}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| |:| | | |`|-|.| | | | | }}

{{chart|border=1| | | | |PTOL7| |CLEO3|7|PTOLM|:| | | | |PTOLA| | | | | PTOL7=Ptolemy VII
Neos Philopator| CLEO3=Cleopatra III
(Qn, 116–101 BC)| PTOLM=Ptolemy
Memphites| PTOLA=Ptolemy Apion}}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | |L|~|y|~|J| | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }}

{{chart|border=1| | | | |CLEO4|y|PTOL9|y|CLSE1|y|P10A1|7| | | | | | | | CLEO4=Cleopatra IV| PTOL9=Ptolemy IX
Lathyros
(Kg. 116–107 BC,
as Soter II 88–81 BC)| CLSE1=Cleopatra
Selene| P10A1=Ptolemy X
Alexander I
(Kg. 107–88 BC)}}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | |,|-|'| | | |`|-|.| |`|-|.| |:| | | | | | | }}

{{chart|border=1| | | | |PTO12|7| | | |F|BERE3|~|P11A2|:| | | | | | | | PTO12=Ptolemy XII
Auletes
(Kg. 80–58 BC,
55–51 BC)| BERE3=Berenice III
(Qn. 81–80 BC)| P11A2=Ptolemy XI
Alexander II
(Kg. 80 BC,
for 19 days)}}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | |:| | | |L|~|y|~|~|~|~|~|J| | | | | | | }}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | |L|~|y|~|~|CLEO5| | | | | | | | | | | | | CLEO5=Cleopatra V
(Qn. 58–55 BC)}}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}

{{chart|border=1| | | | |CLEO6| |BERE4| |PTO13|~|CLEO7|~|PTO14| |ARSI4| CLEO6=Cleopatra VI
(Qn. 58 BC)| BERE4=Berenice IV
(Qn. 58–55 BC)| PTO13=Ptolemy XIII
Theos Philopator
(Kg. 51–47 BC)| CLEO7=Cleopatra VII
Thea Philopator
(Qn. 51–30 BC)| PTO14=Ptolemy XIV
(Kg. 47–44 BC)| ARSI4=Arsinoe IV
(Qn. 48–47 BC)}}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| |:| | | | | | | | }}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |JULCA|y|~|~|~|~|J| |L|~|~|y|~|~|MARAN| JULCA=Julius
Caesar| MARAN=Mark
Antony}}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |,|-|'| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | | | }}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |PTO15| |ALEXH| |PTO16| |CLSE2| | | | | PTO15=Ptolemy XV
Caesarion
(Kg. 44–30 BC)| ALEXH=Alexander
Helios| PTO16=Ptolemy
Philadelphus| CLSE2=Cleopatra
Selene II}}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |PTOMA| | | | | PTOMA=Ptolemy of
Mauretania}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | | | ANT | | | | | | LAG |v| Ars | ANT = Antipater | LAG = Lagus|Ars=Arsinoe of Macedon}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | | | EUR |-|v|-|-|-|-|-| PT1 |-|v|-|-| BE1 | | LYS | | EUR = Eurydice | PT1 =25px
Ptolemy I
Soter
(Kg 303–282 BC) | BE1 =Berenice I
(∞ Philip
↓
Magas
of Cyrene
∞ Apama II
↓
See below: Berenice II)| LYS = Lysimachus}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|.| | | | |,|-|-|^|.| | | | | | |!| |}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | LYS | | PTO | | KER |-|-| AR2 |-| PT2 |-|v|-|-| AR1 | | LYS = Lysandra | PTO = Ptolemais | KER = Ptolemy Ceraunus | AR1 = Arsinoe I | PT2 =25px
Ptolemy II
Philadelphus
(Kg. 285–246 BC) | AR2 = Arsinoe II}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| |}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BE2 |v| PT3 | | | | SYR | | BE2 = Berenice II of Egypt
(daughter of
Magas of Cyrene,
see above: Berenice I)| PT3 =25px
Ptolemy III
Euergetes
(Kg. 246–221 BC) | SYR = Berenice Syra}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | | | | | | | | ANT | | | AR3 |v| PT4 | | ANT = Antiochus III the Great| AR3 = Arsinoe III | PT4 =25px
Ptolemy IV
Philopator
(Kg. 221–203 BC)}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | | | | | | | | CL1 |-|v|-|-| PT5 | | CL1 = Cleopatra I
Syra| PT5 =25px
Ptolemy V
Epiphanes
(Kg. 203–181 BC)}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | | | | | PT6 |v| CL2 |-|-|-|v|-| PT8 |-|v|-| IRE | PT6 =25px
Ptolemy VI
Philometor
(Kg. 181–164 BC,
163-145 BC)| CL2 =25px
Cleopatra II
(Qn. 131–127 BC)| PT8 =25px
Ptolemy VIII
Physcon
(Kg. 170–163 BC,
145–116 BC)| IRE = Eirene ?}}

{{chart|border=1 | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|.| | | |!| | |!| | |!| |}}

{{chart|border=1 | PEU | | CLT | | PT7 | | CL3 | | MEM | |!| | API | | PEU = Ptolemy Eupator | CLT = Cleopatra Thea | PT7 =25px
Ptolemy VII
Neos Philopator | CL3 =25px
Cleopatra III
(Qn, 116–101 BC) | MEM =Ptolemy
Memphites | API = Ptolemy Apion}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | CLT | | CL4 |-|-| PT9 |-|-|v| CL5 |-|-|-|-|-|v| PTX | | CLT = Cleopatra Tryphaena | CL4 = Cleopatra IV | CL5 =Cleopatra V
Selene | PT9 =25px
Ptolemy IX
Lathyros
(Kg. 116–107 BC,
as Soter II 88–81 BC) | PTX =25px
Ptolemy X
Alexander I
(Kg. 107–88 BC)| INC = ?}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| |!| |}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | | | INC | | | | | |!| | | BE3 |-|-|-|-|-|-| P11 |!| | | INC = ? | BE3 =25px
Berenice III
(Qn. 81–80 BC) | P11 =25px
Ptolemy XI
Alexander II
(Kg. 80 BC,
for 19 days)}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | | | |`|v|-|-|-|v|-|'| | | |`|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|'| |}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | | | | PTC | | P12 |-|-|-|-|-|-| CL6 | PTC = Ptolemy of Cyprus | CL6 = 25px
Cleopatra VI
(Qn. 58 BC) | P12 =25px
Ptolemy XII
Auletes
(Kg. 80–58 BC,
55–51 BC)}}

{{chart|border=1 | | BE4 | | P13 |-| CL7 |-| P14 | | AR4 | | BE4 =25px
Berenice IV
(Qn. 58–55 BC)| P13 =25px
Ptolemy XIII
Theos Philopator
(Kg. 51–47 BC)| CL7 =25px
Cleopatra VII
Thea Philopator
(Qn. 51–30 BC)| P14 =25px
Ptolemy XIV
(Kg. 47–44 BC)| AR4 = Arsinoe IV
(Qn. 48–47 BC)}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | CES | | | | |!| | | | | MAR | | CES = Julius
Caesar | MAR = Mark
Antony}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | | | | |!| | | | |,|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | | | | P15 | | | ALE | | CLS |v| JUB | | PTP | | P15 =25px
Ptolemy XV
Caesarion
(Kg. 44–30 BC) | ALE = Alexander
Helios | CLS = Cleopatra
Selene II | JUB = Juba II
of Mauretania | PTP = Ptolemy Philadelphus}}

{{chart|border=1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PTM | | PTM = Ptolemy of
Mauretania}}

=Other notable members of the Ptolemaic dynasty=

File:Wall painting from Room H of the Villa of P. Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale MET DP105943.jpg, dated mid-1st century BC. It likely represents Berenice II of Ptolemaic Egypt wearing a stephane (i.e. royal diadem) on her head.Pfrommer, Michael; Towne-Markus, Elana (2001). [http://d2aohiyo3d3idm.cloudfront.net/publications/virtuallibrary/0892366338.pdf Greek Gold from Hellenistic Egypt]. Los Angeles: Getty Publications (J. Paul Getty Trust). {{ISBN|0-89236-633-8}}, pp. 22–23.|205x205px]]

Ptolemy Keraunos (died 279 BC) – eldest son of Ptolemy I Soter. Eventually became king of Macedonia.
Ptolemy Apion (died 96 BC) – son of Ptolemy VIII Physcon. Made king of Cyrenaica. Bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome.
Ptolemy Philadelphus (born 36 BC) – son of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII.
Ptolemy of Mauretania (died 40 AD) – son of King Juba II of Numidia and Mauretania and Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony. King of Mauretania.
Ptolemy II of Telmessos, grandson of Ptolemy Epigonos, flourished second half of 3rd century BC and first half of 2nd century BC
Ptolemy of Cyprus, king of Cyprus c. 80–58 BC, younger brother of Ptolemy XII Auletes

Health

Continuing the tradition established by previous Egyptian dynasties, the Ptolemies engaged in inbreeding including sibling marriage, with many of the pharaohs being married to their siblings and often co-ruling with them.{{cite journal |author=Walter Scheidel|title=Brother-sister and parent-child marriage outside royal families in ancient Egypt and Iran: A challenge to the sociobiological view of incest avoidance?|journal=Ethology and Sociobiology|date=September 1996|volume=17|issue=5|page=321|doi=10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00074-X|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00074-X}} Ptolemy I and other early rulers of the dynasty were not married to their relatives, the childless marriage of siblings Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-II-Philadelphus Ptolemy II "Philadelphus"] on Encyclopædia Britannica being an exception. The first child-producing incestuous marriage in the Ptolemaic dynasty was that of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III, who were succeeded as co-pharaohs by their son Ptolemy V, born 210 BC. The best-known Ptolemaic pharaoh, Cleopatra VII, was at different times married to and ruled with two of her brothers (Ptolemy XIII until 47 BC and then Ptolemy XIV until 44 BC), and their parents were also likely to have been siblings or possibly cousins.

File:Cammeo gonzaga con doppio ritratto di tolomeo II e arsinoe II, III sec. ac. (alessandria), da hermitage.jpg of Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Arsinoe II from Alexandria (Hermitage Museum)|260x260px]]

Contemporaries describe a number of the Ptolemaic dynasty members as extremely obese,{{cite journal| url=https://thorax.bmj.com/content/58/3/281.3|title="Morbid obesity and hypersomnolence in several members of an ancient royal family"|year=2003|doi=10.1136/thorax.58.3.281-b|last1=Michalopoulos|first1=A.|last2=Tzelepis|first2= G.|last3=Geroulanos|first3=S.|journal=Thorax|volume=58|issue=3|pages=281–282|pmid=12612315|pmc=1746609}} while sculptures and coins reveal prominent eyes and swollen necks. Familial Graves' disease could explain the swollen necks and eye prominence (exophthalmos), although this is unlikely to occur in the presence of morbid obesity. This is all likely due to inbreeding depression. In view of the familial nature of these findings, members of the Ptolemaic dynasty are likely to have suffered from a multi-organ fibrotic condition such as Erdheim–Chester disease, or a familial multifocal fibrosclerosis where thyroiditis, obesity and ocular proptosis may have all occurred concurrently.{{cite journal|last=Ashrafian|first=Hutan|title=Familial proptosis and obesity in the Ptolemies|journal=J. R. Soc. Med.|year=2005|volume=98|issue=2|pages=85–86|pmc=1079400|pmid=15684370

|doi=10.1177/014107680509800224}}

Gallery

File:Ptolemy I Soter Louvre Ma849.jpg|Ptolemy I, founder of the dynasty.

File:Ptolemy II MAN Napoli Inv5600.jpg|Ptolemy II

File:Ptolemy III Euergetes.jpg|Ptolemy III

File:PtolemyIV-StatueHead MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|Ptolemy IV

File:Ptolemaeus V.jpg|Ptolemy V

File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|Ptolemy VI

File:Cleopatra II and III Kom Ombo Temple.jpg|Cleopatra II (right)

File:Relief of Ptolemy VIII in Kom Ombo Temple.jpg|Ptolemy VIII

File:Edfu29.JPG|Ptolemy IX

File:Ägyptisches Museum Berlin 112.jpg|Ptolemy X

File:Ptolemaeus XI.png|Ptolemy XI

File:Kom Ombo 0312.JPG|Ptolemy XII

File:Kom Ombo 0333.JPG|Ptolemy XIII and Sekhmet

File:Ptolemy XIV.jpg|Ptolemy XIV

File:Cleopatra VII statue fragment, 69-30 BC - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC09761.JPG|Cleopatra VII

File:Denderah4 Cesarion.jpg|Ptolemy XV, commonly called Caesarion.

File:Cameo Ptolemaic prince Bab111 CdM Paris.jpg|Sardonyx cameo of a Ptolemaic prince as the Greek god Hermes, Cabinet des médailles, Paris.

File:Posthumous painted portrait of Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from Herculaneum, Italy.jpg| Posthumous portrait of Cleopatra VII, from Roman Herculaneum, mid-1st century AD.{{citation|last1=Walker|first1=Susan|last2=Higgs|first2=Peter|editor-surname1=Walker|editor-given1=Susan|editor-surname2=Higgs|editor-given2=Peter|title=Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth|location=Princeton, N.J.|chapter=Painting with a portrait of a woman in profile|publisher=Princeton University Press (British Museum Press)|year=2001|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/314|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/314 314–315]|isbn=9780691088358|postscript=.}}Fletcher, Joann (2008). Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend. New York: Harper. {{ISBN|978-0-06-058558-7}}, image plates and captions between pp. 246-247.

File:Coupe_des_Ptolémées_01.JPG|The Cup of the Ptolemies: front (top) of the cup (Cabinet des Médailles)

File:Coupe_des_Ptolémées_02.JPG|The Cup of the Ptolemies: back (bottom) of the cup (Cabinet des Médailles)

References

Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography

{{Cite book |last=Carney |first=Elizabeth |title=Arsinoe of Egypt and Macedon, A Royal Life |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780195365511}}
{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Prudence |title=Cleopatra: A Sourcebook |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780806137414}}
{{Cite book |last=Pomeroy |first=Sarah |author-link=Sarah B. Pomeroy |title=Women in Hellenistic Egypt, From Alexander to Cleopatra |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=1990 |isbn=9780814322307}}
{{cite book |last=Southern |first=Patricia |author-link=Pat Southern |title= Antony and Cleopatra: The Doomed Love Affair That United Ancient Rome and Egypt |publisher=Amberley Publishing |year=2009 |orig-year=2007 |isbn=9781848683242}}
{{Cite book |last=Potter |first=David |title=A Companion to the Hellenistic World |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2009 |isbn=978-1405154413 |editor-last=Erskine |editor-first=Andrew |chapter=Hellenistic religion}}
{{Cite book |last=Holbl |first=Gunther |title=Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0195138236 |editor-last=Redford |editor-first=Donald |volume=3 |chapter=Ptolemaic period}}
{{Cite book |last=Jeffreys |first=David |title=Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |orig-year=1999 |isbn=1134665253 |editor-last=Bard |editor-first=Kathryn |editor-link=Kathryn A. Bard |chapter=Memphis}}
{{Cite book |last=Depuydt |first=Leo |title=Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |orig-year=1999 |isbn=1134665253 |editor-last=Bard |editor-first=Kathryn |chapter=Rosseta Stone}}
{{Cite book |last=Robins |first=Gay |title=Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0195138236 |editor-last=Redford |editor-first=Donald |volume=3 |chapter=Queens}}
{{Cite book |last=Rutherford |first=Ian |title=Greco-Egyptian Interactions: Literature, Translation, and Culture, 500 BCE-300 CE |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0199656127}}

Further reading

Bingen, Jean. Hellenistic Egypt. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007 (hardcover, {{ISBN|0-7486-1578-4}}; paperback, {{ISBN|0-7486-1579-2}}).
{{cite book|title=When the Greeks Ruled Egypt: From Alexander the Great to Cleopatra|editor=Roberta Casagrande-Kim|year=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691165547}}
A. Lampela, Rome and the Ptolemies of Egypt: The development of their political relations 273–80 B.C. (Helsinki, 1998).
J. G. Manning, The Last Pharaohs: Egypt Under the Ptolemies, 305–30 BC (Princeton, 2009).
Susan Stephens, Seeing Double: Intercultural Poetics in Ptolemaic Alexandria (Berkeley, 2002).

External links

[https://www.livius.org/ps-pz/ptolemies/ptolemies.htm Livius.org: "Ptolemies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906102445/https://www.livius.org/ps-pz/ptolemies/ptolemies.htm |date=2014-09-06 }}—by Jona Lendering

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Category:Dynasties of ancient Egypt

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Category:Ancient Greek dynasties

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Category:4th century BC in Egypt

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