Public humiliation

{{Short description|Form of punishment whose main feature is dishonoring or disgracing a person}}

File:조리돌림.JPG leader Lee Jung-jae being shame-paraded by Park Chung Hee's military regime (1961).]]

Public humiliation or public shaming is a form of punishment whose main feature is dishonoring or disgracing a person, usually an offender or a prisoner, especially in a public place. It was regularly used as a form of judicially sanctioned punishment in previous centuries, and is still practiced by different means (e.g. schools) in the modern era.

In the United States, it was a common punishment from the beginning of European colonization through the 19th century. It fell out of common use in the 20th century, though it has seen a revival starting in the 1990s.{{Cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2000/04/12/shame-returns-as-punishment/ |title=Shame Returns As Punishment |last=Deardorff |first=Julie |date=April 20, 2000}} With the rise of social media, public shaming moved to the digital sphere, exposing and humiliating people daily, sometimes without their knowledge.{{Cite journal|url=https://myscp.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcpy.1227|title=Nonmaleficence in Shaming: The Ethical Dilemma Underlying Participation in Online Public Shaming|first1=Chen|last1=Pundak|first2=Yael|last2=Steinhart|first3=Jacob|last3=Goldenberg|date=July 2, 2021|journal=Journal of Consumer Psychology|volume=31|issue=3|pages=478–500|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1002/jcpy.1227}}

Shameful exposure

File:Torturing and execution of witches in medieval miniature.jpg (right) were a common form of punishment.]]

Public humiliation exists in many forms. In general, a criminal sentenced to one of many forms of this punishment could expect themselves be placed (restrained) in a central, public, or open location so that their fellow citizens could easily witness the sentence and, in some cases, participate as a form of "mob justice".{{cite book |last1=Frevert |first1=Ute |title=The politics of humiliation: a modern history |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford New York, NY |isbn=9780198820314 |pages=48,103 |edition=First}}

Just like painful forms of corporal punishment, it has parallels in educational and other rather private punishments (but with some audience), in school or domestic disciplinary context, and as a rite of passage. Physical forms include being forced to wear some sign such as "donkey ears" (simulated in paper, as a sign one is—or at least behaved—proverbially stupid), wearing a dunce cap, having to stand, kneel or bend over in a corner, or repeatedly write something on a blackboard ("I will not spread rumors", for example). Here different levels of physical discomfort can be added, such as having to hold heavy objects, or kneeling on an uneven surface. Like physical punishment and harsh hazing, these have become controversial in most modern societies, in many cases leading to legal restrictions and/or (sometimes voluntary) abolishment.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1971-041-10, Paris, der Kollaboration beschuldigte Französinnen.jpg

Head shaving can be a humiliating punishment prescribed in law,[http://www.wluml.org/node/3908 "Article 87 ... shall be sentenced to flogging, having his head shaven, and one year of exile..."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826193816/http://www.wluml.org/node/3908 |date=2017-08-26 }}, Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran but also something done as "mob justice"—a stark example of which was the thousands of European women who had their heads shaved in front of cheering crowds in the wake of World War II,{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jun/05/women-victims-d-day-landings-second-world-war |title=An Ugly Carnival |last=Beevor |first=Antony |date=2009-06-05 |website=The Guardian |access-date=2014-07-13 |df=dmy-all}}Shorn Women: Gender and Punishment in Liberation France, {{ISBN|978-1-85973-584-8}} as punishment for associating with occupying Nazis during the war. Public shaving was applied to (true or alleged) collaborators after the Allied liberated occupied territories from the Nazi troops.

Further means of public humiliation and degradation consist in forcing people to wear typifying clothes, which can be penitential garb or prison uniforms.{{cite web |title=Public Humiliation |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/public-humiliation |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |access-date=20 May 2023 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Vinciguerra |first1=Thomas |title=The Clothes That Make The Inmate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/01/weekinreview/the-clothes-that-make-the-inmate.html |access-date=20 May 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=1 October 2000}} Forcing arrestees or prisoners to wear restraints (such as handcuffs or shackles) may also increase public humiliation. In countries such as Japan, France, and South Korea,{{cite news |title=Why the media in Japan, France and South Korea blur the handcuffs on the hands of suspects |url=https://ordonews.com/why-the-media-in-japan-france-and-south-korea-blur-the-handcuffs-on-the-hands-of-suspects/ |access-date=20 May 2023 |work=ORDO News |date=9 April 2022}} handcuffs on arrested persons are blurred in media broadcasts and hidden wherever possible to prevent feelings of "personal shame" in the accused and to make the public more likely to maintain a presumption of innocence before trial.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Forcing people to go barefoot has been used as a more subtle form of humiliation in past and present cultures. The exposure of bare feet has served as an indicator for imprisonment and slavery throughout ancient and modern history.{{Cite web |url=http://www.westerncape.gov.za/eng/pubs/public_info/P/82884/3/ |title=Cape Town and Surrounds. |website=westerncape.gov.za |publisher=Government of South Africa |access-date=July 18, 2012 |df=dmy-all}} Even today prisoners officially have to go barefoot in many countries of the world and are also presented in court and in public unshod.{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/23/world/asia/thailand-activist-prison-sentence/ |title=Thai court sentences activist to 10 years in prison for insulting king - CNN.com |last=Olarn |first=Kocha |date=23 January 2013 |website=CNN |df=dmy-all}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2008/07/29/2003418810 |title=Extradition hearing for arms dealer postponed |date=2008-07-29 |website=Taipei Times |df=dmy-all}}

Corporal punishment

File:Antoin Sevruguin 12 Falak Whipping the soles of a criminal.jpg in Iran]]

File:L'Exécution de la Punition de Fouet by Jean-Baptiste Debret.jpg]]

Apart from specific methods essentially aiming at humiliation, several methods combine pain and humiliation or even death and humiliation. In some cases, the pain—or at least discomfort—is insignificant or rather secondary to the humiliation.{{cite journal |last1=Rodogno |first1=Raffaele |title=Shame, Guilt, and Punishment |journal=Law and Philosophy |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=429–464 |url=https://access.archive-ouverte.unige.ch/access/metadata/f6057b1e-f8f3-43cd-8f00-386953dc9c09/download |date = 2009|doi=10.1007/s10982-008-9042-x |jstor=40284681 |s2cid=144526838 |access-date=20 May 2023 |issn=0167-5249}}{{cite journal |last1=Perlin |first1=Michael L. |last2=Weinstein |first2=Naomi M. |title="Friend to the Martyr, a Friend to the Woman of Shame": Thinking About the Law, Shame and Humiliation |date=26 December 2014 |url=https://gould.usc.edu/students/journals/rlsj/issues/assets/docs/volume24/Fall2014/1.Perlin-weinstein.pdf |journal=Southern California Review of Law and Social Justice |volume=24}}{{cite news |last1=Vellaram |first1=Sandeep |last2=Jayarajan |first2=Sreedevi |title=22 injuries, 'Falanga' torture used: Shocking autopsy of Kerala custodial death victim |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/22-injuries-falanga-torture-used-shocking-autopsy-kerala-custodial-death-victim-104633 |access-date=20 May 2023 |work=The News Minute |date=1 July 2019 |language=en}}

= Public punishment =

The simplest is to administer painful corporal punishment in public - the major aim may be deterrence of potential offenders - so the public will witness the perpetrator's fear and agony. This can either take place in a town square or other public gathering location such as a school, or take the form of a procession through the streets. This was not uncommon in the sentences to Staupenschlag (flagellation by whipping or birching, generally on the bare buttocks){{cite book | last1 = Scott | title = History Of Corporal Punishment | date = 19 December 2013 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.4324/9781315828367 | isbn = 9781315828367 | url =https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315828367-21/evils-connected-flogging-birching-george-ryley-scott }} in various European states, till the 19th century.{{cite journal |last1=Frevert |first1=Ute |title=The history of humiliation points to the future of human dignity |journal=Psyche |date=20 January 2021 |url=https://psyche.co/ideas/the-history-of-humiliation-points-to-the-future-of-human-dignity |language=en}} A naval equivalent was Flogging round the fleet on a raft taken from ship to ship for consecutive installments of a great total of lashes.{{cite web |title=Cat-o-nine tails, United Kingdom, 1700-1850 |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co154902/cat-o-nine-tails-united-kingdom-1700-1850-whip |website=Science Museum Group |access-date=20 May 2023 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Horan |first1=Leo F. S. |title=Flogging In The United States Navy |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1950/september/flogging-united-states-navy |access-date=20 May 2023 |work=U.S. Naval Institute |date=1 September 1950 |language=en}} In some countries, the punishment of foot whipping is executed in public to this day.{{cite web |last1=UN Committee Against Torture |title=Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Decision No. 551/2013 |url=http://www.bayefsky.com/pdf/tunisia_t5_cat_551_2013.pdf |website=United Nations |access-date=20 May 2023}}

= Torture marks =

File:Philip Dawe (attributed), The Bostonians Paying the Excise-man, or Tarring and Feathering (1774) - 02.jpg of British customs agent John Malcolm soon after the Boston Tea Party.]]

The humiliation can be extended; intentionally or not; by leaving visible marks, such as scars. This can even be the main intention of the punishment, as in the case of scarifications, such as human branding.{{cite journal | last1 = Patra | first1 = Pratap Kumar | title = Branding in children: a barbaric practice still exists in India | journal = Pan African Medical Journal | date = 2016 | volume = 23 | page = 62 | eissn = 1937-8688 | doi = 10.11604/pamj.2016.23.62.7968 | pmid = 27217887 | pmc = 4862791 | url = }} Other examples of physical torture or modification used as public humiliation throughout history include ear cropping (starting in ancient Assyrian law and the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi and extending into the 1800s in parts of the US){{cite book | last=Corlew | first=Robert Ewing | title=Tennessee, a Short History | publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press | date=1990 | isbn=978-0-87049-647-9 | page=}} and tarring and feathering.{{cite news |last1=Sieber |first1=Karen |title=The hidden story of when two Black college students were tarred and feathered |url=https://theconversation.com/the-hidden-story-of-when-two-black-college-students-were-tarred-and-feathered-147895 |work=The Conversation |date=8 February 2021 |language=en}}

Psychological effects

Public shaming can result in negative psychological effects and devastating consequences, regardless of the punishment being justifiable or not. It could cause depression, suicidal thoughts and other severe mental problems. The humiliated individuals may develop a variety of symptoms including apathy, paranoia, anxiety, PTSD, or others. The rage and fury may arise in the persecuted individual, themselves lashing out against innocent victims, as they seek revenge or as a means of release.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Historical examples

Crucifixion was used by the Romans to add public humiliation to a death penalty. Josephus describes how the Roman soldiers would crucify people naked, and using different tortuous positions as a way to further humiliate them. Crucified bodies were left to decay on the cross for weeks, and crows would come to feed on the corpses; this can be seen as post-mortem public humiliation. See also gibbeting.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
The punishment of public humiliation has taken many forms, ranging from an offender being forced to relate his crime, to the wearing of conspicuous clothing or jewelry (such as an oversized rosary ({{langx|nl|schandstenen}}, "stones of shame") for someone late to church). The offender could alternatively be sentenced to remain exposed in a specific exposed place, in a restraining device such as a yoke or public stocks.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
In the Low Countries, the {{lang|nl|schandstoel}} ("Chair of shame"), the {{lang|nl|kaak}} or {{lang|nl|schandpaal}} ("pole of shame", a simple type of pillory), the {{lang|nl|draaikooi}} were customary for adulteresses, and the {{lang|nl|schopstoel}}, a scaffolding from which one is kicked off to land in mud and dirt.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
In the more extreme cases, being subjected to verbal and physical abuse from the crowd could have serious consequences, especially when the hands were bound, preventing self-protection. Some sentences actually prescribed additional humiliation, such as shaving, or would combine it with painful corporal punishments, see below.{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=James |date=Spring 2009 |title=Bilboes, Brands, and Branks: Colonial Crimes and Punishments |url=http://www.history.org/foundation/journal/spring03/branks.cfm |journal=Colonial Williamsburg Journal}}
In colonial America, common forms of public humiliation were the stocks and pillory, imported from Europe. Nearly every sizable town had such instruments of public humiliation, usually at the town square. In pre-Tokugawa Japan, adulterers were publicly exposed purely to shame them.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
In Liberia, boy soldiers stripped civilian women to humiliate them; this was described with the verb phrase "to naked someone else."{{Cite book |last=McBride-Ahebee |first=Octavia |title=Where My Birthmark Dances |publisher=Finishing Line Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59924-827-1 |location=Georgetown, Kentucky |pages=6}}
In Siam, an adulteress was paraded with a hibiscus behind the ear. Thieves were tattooed on their faces. Other criminals were paraded with a device made of woven cane on the forehead, or lengths of bamboo hung around the neck. Errant Brahmans had to wear a string of oversize beads.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
Send under the yoke was used in ancient Italy.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
Some have considered sex offender registries in the United States to be a form of public humiliation as judicial punishment.{{cite journal |last1=McAlinden |first1=Anne-Marie |title=The Use of 'Shame' with Sexual Offenders |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |date=2005 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=373–394 |doi=10.1093/bjc/azh095 |jstor=23639325 |url=https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/9458522/BJCShameMcAlinden.pdf |access-date=17 April 2022 |issn=0007-0955}}{{cite news |last1=SULLUM |first1=JACOB |title=The Onerous Burdens of Sex Offender Registration Are Not Punishment, the 10th Circuit Rules. They Just Feel That Way. |url=https://reason.com/2020/08/25/the-onerous-burdens-of-sex-offender-registration-are-not-punishment-the-10th-circuit-rules-they-just-feel-that-way/ |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=Reason.com |date=25 August 2020}} A convicted sex offender's placement on the sex offender registry is public via a state run website in all 50 states.{{cite news |last1=Shim |first1=Jane |title=These States Stick People With a Lifetime of Restrictions for Decades-Old, Nonviolent Sex Offenses |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/08/sex-offender-registry-laws-by-state-mapped.html |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=Slate Magazine |date=13 August 2014 |language=en}}{{cite web |title=50-State Comparison: Relief from Sex Offense Registration Obligations |url=https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/50-state-comparison-relief-from-sex-offender-registration-obligations/ |publisher=Restoration of Rights Project |access-date=17 April 2022}} In 2018, a judge in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado declared Colorado's sex offender scheme as unconstitutional, citing cruel and unusual punishment.{{cite news |last1=Mitchell |first1=Kirk |title=Colorado sex offender registration act is unconstitutional, federal judge declares |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2017/09/01/colorado-sex-offender-registration-act-unconstitutional/ |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=The Denver Post |date=1 September 2017}} In 2020, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit overturned that decision.{{Cite web|url=https://narsol.org/2020/08/registration-not-cruel-and-unusual-punishment-says-tenth-circuit/|title = Registration not cruel and unusual punishment, says Tenth Circuit|date = 23 August 2020}}

File:Man and woman undergoing public exposure for adultery in Japan-J. M. W. Silver.jpg|Man and woman undergoing public exposure for adultery in Japan, circa 1860.