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Pueblo Revival architecture

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}

{{short description|Architectural movement}}

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Image:BAND beam exb.jpg, hand-carved from ponderosa pine, at the Bandelier National Monument Visitor Center]]

The Pueblo Revival style or Santa Fe style is a regional architectural style of the Southwestern United States, which draws its inspiration from Santa Fe de Nuevo México's traditional Pueblo architecture, the Spanish missions, and Territorial Style. The style developed at the beginning of the 20th century and reached its greatest popularity in the 1920s and 1930s, though it is still commonly used for new buildings. Pueblo style architecture is most prevalent in the state of New Mexico; it is often blended with Territorial Revival architecture.

Features

Pueblo Revival architecture imitates the appearance of traditional adobe Pueblo architecture, though other materials such as brick or concrete are often substituted. If adobe is not used, rounded corners, irregular parapets, and thick, battered walls are used to simulate it. Walls are usually stuccoed and painted in earth tones. Multistory buildings usually employ stepped massing similar to that seen at Taos Pueblo. Roofs are always flat. Common features of the Pueblo Revival style include projecting wooden roof beams or vigas, which sometimes serve no structural purpose{{ref|whiffen-1}}, "corbels", curved—often stylized—beam supports and latillas, which are peeled branches or strips of wood laid across the tops of vigas to create a foundation (usually supporting dirt or clay) for a roof.Virginia Grattan. Mary Colter Builder Upon the Red Earth, 1980.Arnold Berke, Mary Colter Architect of the Southwest, 2002.

History

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The regional architecture from which the Pueblo style draws its inspiration is primarily found in New Mexico and Arizona, but also Colorado. Although the revival movement is most closely associated with the state of New Mexico, many early examples were built in other western states. In the 1890s, architect A. C. Schweinfurth incorporated Pueblo features into a number of his buildings in California.{{ref|whiffen-2}}{{Cite web|title = East Bay Then and Now: A Viennese Epicure in the Athens of the West. Category: Home & Garden Columns from The Berkeley Daily Planet|url = http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2009-05-21/article/32946?headline=East-Bay-Then-and-Now-A-Viennese-Epicure-in-the-Athens-of-the-West|website = berkeleydailyplanet.com|access-date = August 23, 2015|first = Berkeley Daily Planet, Berkeley|last = California}} Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter's Hopi House (1904) in Grand Canyon National Park drew heavily on the Pueblo style. In 1908, architect Isaac Rapp used the San Estevan Del Rey Mission Church as a template for his Colorado Supply Company warehouse in Morley, Colorado.{{Cite book|title = Old Santa Fe: A Magazine of History, Archaeology, Genealogy and Biography|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2LsUAAAAYAAJ|publisher = Old Santa Fe Press|date = January 1, 1915|first = Ralph Emerson|last = Twitchell|pages = 298–299}}

The Pueblo Revival style made its first appearance in New Mexico at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, where UNM president William G. Tight adopted the style for a number of building projects during his tenure. The best known of these was the 1908 remodeling of Hodgin Hall, which survives as well as the slightly earlier Estufa, both designed by architect Edward Buxton Cristy under Tight's supervision. Other pioneering buildings that no longer exist were a heating plant and two of the university's dormitories, Hokona Hall and Kwataka Hall, also designed by Cristy and built in 1906.{{cite web |title=Campus Heritage Preservation Survey, University of New Mexico |url=https://historicpreservation.unm.edu/preservation-plan/historic-preservation-plan.pdf |author=Terry Gugliotta |date=December 2006 |publisher=The University of New Mexico |location=Albuquerque, NM}} Nearly all subsequent university buildings have also employed the Pueblo style, albeit in increasingly loose interpretations.{{ref|hooker}}

The other stronghold of Pueblo-style architecture is Santa Fe, where it was popularized in the 1920s and 1930s by a group of artists and architects seeking to establish a unique regional identity. In 1957, a committee led by John Gaw Meem drafted Santa Fe "H" Historical District Regulations Ordinance No. 1957-18,{{Cite book|title = "H" historical district regulations: ordinance no. 1957-18|publisher = The Dept|date = January 1, 1957|location = Santa Fe, N.M.|author = Santa Fe (N.M.). City Planning Department|oclc = 63271542}} commonly known as the Historical Zoning Ordinance. This ordinance mandated the use of the "Old Santa Fe Style," which encompassed "so-called Pueblo, Pueblo-Spanish or Spanish-Indian and Territorial styles," on all new buildings in central Santa Fe.{{Cite web|title = Preservation law, Santa Fe|url = http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00001634/00001/12j|website = University of Florida Digital Collection|access-date = August 23, 2015|page = 167}} This ordinance remains in effect, meaning the Pueblo style continues to predominate.{{ref|harris}}

Pueblo-style houses are still frequently constructed in Albuquerque, Santa Fe, and elsewhere. Updated versions of the style have also been used for newer commercial and public buildings such as the Albuquerque International Sunport terminal (1966) and the newer UNM buildings.

Notable buildings

See also

{{commons category|Pueblo Revival architecture}}

Notes

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  1. {{note|whiffen-1}} Whiffen (1969), pp. 229–233
  2. {{note|whiffen-2}} Whiffen (1969), pp. 229–233
  3. {{note|hooker}} Hooker (2000)
  4. {{note|harris}} Harris (1997), pp. 3–6

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Notes

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References

  • Harris, Richard (1997). National Trust Guide: Santa Fe. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. {{ISBN|0-471-17443-2}}
  • Hooker, Van Dorn (2000). Only in New Mexico: An Architectural History of the University of New Mexico, the First Century 1889–1989. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. {{ISBN|0-8263-2135-6}}
  • Whiffen, Marcus (1969). American Architecture Since 1780. Cambridge: MIT Press. {{ISBN|0-262-23034-8}}

{{Architecture in the United States}}

{{Native american styles}}

{{Revivals}}

Category:American architectural styles

Category:Architecture in New Mexico

Category:Revival architecture in the United States

Category:Revival architectural styles