Puffbird

Puffbirds get their common name from their fluffy plumage.{{cite book|author1=Fowler, Murray E. |author2=Cubas, Zalmir S. |title=Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=2008|page=181|isbn=9780470376768|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Wn3wfd0SQC&pg=PA181}} In Spanish, they have been nicknamed bobo ("dummy") from their propensity to sit motionless waiting for prey.{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=Steven L.|title=Birds of Venezuela|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=2002|page=448|isbn=9781400834099|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40mFwoALUFUC&pg=PA448}} American naturalist Thomas Horsfield defined the Bucconidae in 1821. The family was classified as part of the Piciformes by Alexander Wetmore in his work A Systematic Classification for the Birds of the World (1930, revised in 1951 and 1960).{{cite journal|last=Wetmore|first=Alexander|date=1930|title=A Systematic Classification for the Birds of the World|journal=Proceedings of the United States National Museum|volume=76|issue=2821|page=6|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27945944|doi=10.5479/si.00963801.2821}} The placement of the combined puffbird and jacamar lineage was in question, with some bone and muscle features suggesting they may be more closely related to the Coraciiformes. Analysis of nuclear DNA in a 2003 study placed them as sister group to the rest of the Piciformes, also showing that the groups had developed zygodactyl feet (two toes facing forward and two aft) before separating.{{cite journal|author1=Johansson, Ulf S. |author2=Ericson, Per G.P. |name-list-style=amp |title= Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960|doi=10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x|url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021325/Johansson%2520&%2520Ericson%2520-%2520Piciformes%5B1%5D.pdf|year=2003|journal=Journal of Avian Biology|volume=34|issue=2|page=185 }} Per Ericson and colleagues, in analysing genomic DNA, confirmed that puffbirds and jacamars were sister groups and their place in Piciformes.{{Cite journal | last1 = Ericson | first1 = P. G. P. | last2 = Anderson | first2 = C. L. | last3 = Britton | first3 = T.| last4 = Elzanowski | first4 = A. | last5 = Johansson | first5 = U. S. | last6 = Källersjö | first6 = M. | last7 = Ohlson | first7 = J. I. | last8 = Parsons | first8 = T. J. | last9 = Zuccon | first9 = D. | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 | last10 = Mayr | first10 = G. | title = Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 543–547 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17148284| pmc =1834003 }} The lineage is sometimes elevated to order level as Galbuliformes,{{cite book| title=Woodpeckers: An Identification Guide to the Woodpeckers of the World |author= Hans Winkler, David A. Christie & David Nurney |publisher=A&C Black |year=2010 | isbn=9781408135044|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCLgskRFt7IC&q=puffbird+taxonomy&pg=PT23}} first proposed by Sibley and Ahlquist in 1990.{{cite book|last=Feduccia|first=Alan|title=The Origin and Evolution of Birds|publisher=Yale University Press|date=1999|page=341|isbn=9780300078619|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QRKV7eSqmIC&pg=PA341}}

The phylogenetic relationship between the puffbirds and the eight other families that make up the order Piciformes is shown in the cladogram below.{{Cite journal | last1=Kuhl | first1=H. | last2=Frankl-Vilches | first2=C. | last3=Bakker | first3=A. | last4=Mayr | first4=G. | last5=Nikolaus | first5=G. | last6=Boerno | first6=S.T. | last7=Klages | first7=S. | last8=Timmermann | first8=B. | last9=Gahr | first9=M. | date=2021 | title=An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life | journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=38 | issue=1 | pages=108–127 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa191 | doi-access=free | pmid=32781465 | pmc=7783168 | hdl=21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C | hdl-access=free }}{{ cite journal | last1=Stiller | first1=J. | display-authors=etal | year=2024 | title=Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes | journal=Nature | volume=629 | issue= 8013| pages=851–860 | doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1 | doi-access=free | pmid=38560995 | pmc=11111414 | bibcode=2024Natur.629..851S }} The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela C. Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC).{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=17 June 2024 }}

{{Clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%

|label1=Piciformes

|1={{clade

|label1=Galbuli

|1={{clade

|1=Galbulidae – jacamars (18 species)

|2=Bucconidae – puffbirds (38 species)

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|label2=Pici

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|label1=Picides

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|1=Indicatoridae – honeyguides (16 species)

|2=Picidae – woodpeckers (240 species)

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|label2=Ramphastides

|2={{clade

|1=Megalaimidae – Asian barbets (35 species)

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|1=Lybiidae – African barbets (42 species)

|2={{clade

|1=Capitonidae – New World barbets (15 species)

|2={{clade

|1=Semnornithidae – toucan barbets (2 species)

|2=Ramphastidae – toucans (43 species)

}}

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Molecular investigation of the Bucconidae in 2004 indicated that the nunlets (genus Nonnula) diverged from the common ancestor of other puffbirds an estimated 25 million years ago, with the genus Malacoptila the next to branch off around 19.1 million years ago.Witt, C.C. (2004), [https://web.archive.org/web/20060205061250/http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-11122004-054504/unrestricted/Witt_dis.pdf Rates of Molecular Evolution and their Application to Neotropical Avian Biogeography], Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University A fossil right wing recovered from Lower Eocene beds in Lincoln County, Wyoming, was initially classified as a puffbird and given the name Primobucco mcgrewi.{{cite journal|last=Brodkorb|first=Pierce|date=1970|title=An Eocene Puffbird from Wyoming|journal=Rocky Mountain Geology|volume=9|issue=1|pages=13–15|url=http://rmg.geoscienceworld.org/content/9/1/13.extract|access-date=2014-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807191843/http://rmg.geoscienceworld.org/content/9/1/13.extract|archive-date=2016-08-07|url-status=dead}} The discovery of more complete specimens, including twelve in 2010, shows that Primobucco was instead an early type of roller.{{cite journal |author1=Ksepka, Daniel T. |author2=Clarke, Julia A. |title= Primobucco mcgrewi (Aves: Coracii) from the Eocene Green River Formation: New Anatomical Data from the Earliest Constrained Record of Stem Rollers |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology| volume=30|issue= 1 |year=2010 |pages=215–25|doi=10.1080/02724630903412414|doi-access=free|bibcode=2010JVPal..30..215K }}

Puffbirds are found from Mexico to southern Brazil, with the greatest variety of species found in the Amazon Basin. They live in forested or wooded habitats, including lowland, foothills, and open woodland. The white-faced nunbird is the only member of this species known to live in highlands.{{cite book|title=Complete Birds of the World|publisher=National Geographic|page=188}} The swallow-winged puffbird also lives in more open country. No species of puffbirds have been recorded of moving any significant distance beyond its home territory.

Generally dull-plumaged birds, puffbirds may have brightly colored bills, eyebrows and irises. They have large heads, short wings and strong bills, with short legs and diminutive feet. There is some sexual dimorphism; the female is slightly larger and slightly duller-plumaged than the male. Juvenile birds have shorter beaks.

Puffbirds are one of the most silent birds in the Neotropics and vocalize very rarely. The most vocal species are the nunbirds and those in the genus Nystalus. When calling they mostly do so at dawn and dusk. The main vocalizations consist of repeated and high-pitched whistles. The nunbirds are the most vocal of the family; they have a wide repertoire of calls and often give very loud shouts.

Puffbirds are by nature arboreal. Mostly secretive, they are found singly or in small family groups. Species of the genus Monasa, known as nunbirds, are more gregarious and found in flocks.{{cite book|author1=Bruce Campbell |author2=Elizabeth Lack |title=A Dictionary of Birds|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|date=2010|page=488|isbn=9781408138380|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_7UBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA488}}

Puffbirds are sit-and-wait hunters,{{cite book|last=Christopher M. Perrins |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Birds|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=2009|page=404|isbn=9780691140704}} perching unmoving for long periods, while watching for insect prey. As well as arthropods, they may eat small lizards and plant material. Arthropod exoskeletons are regurgitated as pellets. The swallow-winged puffbird is the only member in the family that is known to capture insects from open perches.

The breeding behaviour of puffbirds is not well known. Nests are burrows in dirt, rotten wood or termite mounds. Puffbirds are known to lay clutches of two or three eggs. The eggs are round, small, and white. The incubation period is around 15 days, and performed by both parents. Born blind and naked, the young can crawl to the entrance of the nest burrow at one or two days of age. There, their mother feeds them partly chewed insects. They fledge at around 20 to 21 days.

{{Reflist}}

• Stiles and Skutch, A guide to the birds of Costa Rica {{ISBN|0-8014-9600-4}}

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{{Wikisource1911Enc|Puff-bird}}

• [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/puffbirds-bucconidae Internet Bird Collection.com: Puffbird−Bucconidae videos]

{{Piciformes}}

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Category:Birds of Central America

Category:Birds of South America

Category:Taxa named by Thomas Horsfield