Puget Sound War

{{Short description|1855–1856 war between US and Native Americans}}

{{Infobox military conflict

| conflict = Puget Sound War

| image = Plan of Seattle 1855-6.jpg

| caption = A map of Seattle, drawn at the time of the Battle of Seattle, part of the Puget Sound War. Map shows the sloop USS Decatur and the bark Brontes in Elliott Bay

| date = 1855–1856

| place = Washington Territory

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| result = United States victory

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| combatant1 ={{ubl|{{flag|United States|1851}} | Snoqualmie }}

| combatant2 ={{ubl|Nisqually | Muckleshoot | Puyallup | Klickitat }}

| combatant3 =

| commander1 ={{ubl| {{Flagicon|USA|1851}} Isaac Stevens | {{Flagicon|USA|1851}} Charles H. Mason | {{Flagicon|USA|1851}} Gabriel J. Rains | {{Flagicon|USA|1851}} James Tilton }}

| commander2 = Chief Leschi

| commander3 =

| units1 ={{ubli| 9th US Infantry | 3rd US Artillery | 4th US Infantry | {{USS| Decatur|1839|6}} | Snoqualmie warriors | Washington militia | Oregon militia}}

| units2 ={{ubl| Nisqually warriors | Muckleshoot warriors | Puyallup warriors | Klickitat warriors }}

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The Puget Sound War was an armed conflict that took place in the Puget Sound area of the state of Washington in 1855–56, between the United States military, local militias and members of the Native American tribes of the Nisqually, Muckleshoot, Puyallup, and Klickitat. Another component of the war, however, were raiders from the Haida and Tlingit who came into conflict with the United States Navy during contemporaneous raids on the native peoples of Puget Sound. Although limited in its magnitude, territorial impact and losses in terms of lives, the conflict is often remembered in connection to the 1856 Battle of Seattle and to the execution of a central figure of the war, Nisqually Chief Leschi. The contemporaneous Yakima War may have been responsible for some events of the Puget Sound War, such as the Battle of Seattle, and it is not clear that the people of the time made a strong distinction between the two conflicts.

The war

The Puget Sound War began over land rights and ended in a cloud of controversy surrounding the hanging of Chief Leschi.

The catalyst of the war was the Treaty of Medicine Creek of 1854.{{cite web |title = Leschi: Justice in our time |website = washingtonhistoryonline.org |publisher=Washington State Historical Society |url=http://washingtonhistoryonline.org/leschi/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323055717/http://www.washingtonhistoryonline.org/Leschi/index.htm|archive-date=2007-03-23}} Negotiated by Isaac Stevens, then governor of the Washington Territory, the treaty preserved Indian fishing rights, but took away prime Nisqually farmland.{{cite book |first=Janice E. |last=Schuetz |year=2002 |title=Episodes in Rhetoric of Government-Indian Relations |place=Westport |publisher=Praeger |pages=1–24 }} Leschi, chosen to negotiate the treaty with Stevens, was outraged and chose to fight rather than give up his people's land.{{cite book |first=J.A. |last=Eckrom |year=1989 |title=Remembered Drums: A history of the Puget Sound Indian war |place=Walla Walla, WA |publisher=Pioneer Press |pages=1–30 }} The fighting commenced on 27 October 1855, when "Eaton's Rangers", a citizen militia under Captain Charles Eaton, were involved in a clash with Nisqually tribesmen. James McAllister, first lieutenant of Eaton's Rangers from near Connell's Prairie, and Michael Connell, an American settler, were killed. Four days later, two militiamen were killed – Joseph Miles and Abram Benton Moses.

The war itself consisted of a series of short skirmishes with relatively few deaths on the American side. Notable battles occurred in present-day Tacoma, Seattle, and even as far east as Walla Walla. On 28 October 1855, a party of natives killed eight settlers in what was later called the White River Massacre. Three children fled on foot to Seattle, but a five-year-old boy was seized and held by the natives for six months before being released.{{cite book | last = Majors | first = Harry M. | year = 1975 | title = Exploring Washington | publisher = Van Winkle Publishing | page = 77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoWrPQAACAAJ | isbn = 978-0-918664-00-6 }}

A conflicting source describes the attack as being a Nisqually band allegedly led by Chief Leschi, and reported nine settlers killed. Two boys and a girl were taken from the battle and returned unharmed to an American steamer at Point Elliot. A memoir of the event emphasized that families were warned ahead of time so they could evacuate:

: "The Indians sent us word not to be afraid – that they would not harm us."{{cite book |last=Meeker |first=Ezra |year=1905 |title=Pioneer Reminiscences of Puget Sound: The tragedy of Leschi: An account of the coming of the first Americans and the establishment of their institutions |publisher=Lowman & Hanford Stationery and Print |place=Seattle, WA }}

Some of the families included members of the volunteer companies who had been roaming the area attacking peaceful Indians.

In response to the attack at White River, the Americans captured around 4,000 noncombatant Native Americans and held them on Fox Island. Many of the imprisoned natives died due to insufficient food, water, and shelter.{{cite book |last1=Ruby |first1=Robert H. |last2=Brown |first2=John A. |year=1981 |title=Indians of the Pacific Northwest: A history |publisher=University of Oklahoma |place=Norman, OK }} Additionally, southwestern tribes who had no tradition of warfare were raided by fearful Americans. They were disarmed and their villages placed under surveillance. Families of the Upper Chehalis and Lower Chehalis peoples from along the Chehalis River were forcibly relocated to a farm near Steilacoom; coastal tribes such as the Cowlitz were moved to a site on the Chehalis River; the Chinook people were moved inland to Fort Vancouver. All these remained captive until at least the end of the war, a span of nearly two years.{{cite web |title=The Puget Sound War |department=Diary |website = Native American Netroots |lang=en-US |url=http://nativeamericannetroots.net/diary/996 |access-date=2017-12-15}}

The final battle of the war occurred on or about 10 March 1856, when a column of approximately 110 volunteers from the Washington Territorial Volunteers were ambushed near Connell's Prairie by a force estimated at 150 Native American tribesmen, supposedly led by Chief Leschi of the Nisqually tribe. After several hours of skirmishing and several charges by the volunteers, the Natives withdrew, taking their dead and wounded with them, but leaving behind bloody clothing and drums, among other items. Following the battle, Leschi and his remaining warriors retreated over the Cascades into Eastern Washington.{{cite book |last=Morgan |first=Murray |year=1979 |title=Puget's Sound: A narrative of early Tacoma and the Puget Sound |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle, WA |isbn=0-295-95680-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pugetssoundnarra00mor_x19/page/121 121] |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/pugetssoundnarra00mor_x19/page/121 }}

Leschi was captured in November 1856 and was forced to stand trial for the murder of Abram Benton Moses. His first trial resulted in a hung jury because of the question of the legitimacy of murder during wartime; the jury of twelve voted ten in favor, two opposed to conviction. Leschi was tried again in 1857. Despite vague witness accounts and issues over whether Leschi was actually at the scene of the incident, he was found guilty of murder. Leschi was hanged on 19 February 1858.{{cite sign |title=Chief Leschi Monument |year=1963 |type=Monument |author=Pierce County Pioneer and Historical Association |location=Lakewood, Washington}} {{Coord|47.18057|-122.54514|display=inline}}

Exoneration

On 10 December 2004, a historical court convened in Pierce County, Washington ruled

: "as a legal combatant of the Indian War ... Leschi should not have been held accountable under law for the death of an enemy soldier,"

thereby exonerating him of any wrongdoing.{{cite news |last=Roberts |first=Gregory |date=10 December 2004 |title=Historical court clears Chief Leschi's name |newspaper=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |url=https://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Historical-court-clears-Chief-Leschi-s-name-1161772.php |access-date=26 July 2022 }} The Leschi neighborhood in Seattle and Chief Leschi Schools on the Puyallup Indian Reservation bear his name.{{cite news |last=Chiu |first=Lisa |date=10 February 2007 |title=Leschi: Diverse heritage near the lake |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/real-estate/leschi-diverse-heritage-near-the-lake/ |newspaper=The Seattle Times |access-date=26 July 2022 }}{{cite news |last=Kremer |first=Lisa |date=2 September 1996 |title=A symbol of cultural pride |page=A1 |newspaper=The News Tribune |place=Tacoma, WA |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106387596/a-symbol-of-cultural-pride/ |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=26 July 2022 }}

Puget Sound War

The war

Exoneration

See also

References

Further reading