Pulse (physics)
{{Short description|Small disturbance moving through a physical medium}}
{{About|physics||Pulse (disambiguation)}}
In physics, a pulse is a generic term describing a single disturbance that moves through a transmission medium. This medium may be vacuum (in the case of electromagnetic radiation) or matter, and may be indefinitely large or finite.
Pulse reflection
Consider a pulse moving through a medium - perhaps through a rope or a slinky. When the pulse reaches the end of that medium, what happens to it depends on whether the medium is fixed in space or free to move at its end. For example, if the pulse is moving through a rope and the end of the rope is held firmly by a person, then it is said that the pulse is approaching a fixed end. On the other hand, if the end of the rope is fixed to a stick such that it is free to move up or down along the stick when the pulse reaches its end, then it is said that the pulse is approaching a free end.
=Free end=
File:Pulse reflection free end 1.svg
File:Pulse reflection free end 2.svg
A pulse will reflect off a free end and return with the same direction of displacement that it had before reflection. That is, a pulse with an upward displacement will reflect off the end and return with an upward displacement.
This is illustrated by figures 1 and 2 that were obtained by the numerical integration of the wave equation.
=Fixed end=
File:Pulse reflection fixed end 1.svg
File:Pulse reflection fixed end 2.svg
Image:Wave equation 1D fixed endpoints.gif
A pulse will reflect off a fixed end and return with the opposite direction of displacement. In this case, the pulse is said to have inverted. That is, a pulse with an upward displacement will reflect off the end and return with a downward displacement.
This is illustrated by figures 3 and 4 that were obtained by the numerical integration of the wave equation. In addition it is illustrated in the animation of figure 5.
=Crossing media=
When there exists a pulse in a medium that is connected to another less heavy or less dense medium, the pulse will reflect as if it were approaching a free end (no inversion). Contrarily, when a pulse is traveling through a medium connected to a heavier or denser medium, the pulse will reflect as if it were approaching a fixed end (inversion).
Optical pulse
=Dark pulse=
Dark pulses{{cite journal | last1=Emplit | first1=P. | last2=Hamaide | first2=J.P. | last3=Reynaud | first3=F. | last4=Froehly | first4=C. | last5=Barthelemy | first5=A. | title=Picosecond steps and dark pulses through nonlinear single mode fibers | journal=Optics Communications | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=62 | issue=6 | year=1987 | issn=0030-4018 | doi=10.1016/0030-4018(87)90003-4 | pages=374–379| bibcode=1987OptCo..62..374E }} are characterized by being formed from a localized reduction of intensity compared to a more intense continuous wave background. Scalar dark solitons (linearly polarized dark solitons) can be formed in all normal dispersion fiber lasers mode-locked by the nonlinear polarization rotation method and can be rather stable. Vector dark solitons{{cite journal | last1=Kivshar | first1=Yuri S. | last2=Turitsyn | first2=Sergei K. | title=Vector dark solitons | journal=Optics Letters | publisher=The Optical Society | volume=18 | issue=5 | date=1993-03-01 | pages=337–9 | issn=0146-9592 | doi=10.1364/ol.18.000337 | pmid=19802128 | bibcode=1993OptL...18..337K }}{{cite journal | last=Kivshar | first=Y | title=Dark optical solitons: physics and applications | journal=Physics Reports | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=298 | issue=2–3 | date=1998-05-01 | issn=0370-1573 | doi=10.1016/s0370-1573(97)00073-2 | pages=81–197| bibcode=1998PhR...298...81K }} and references therein. are much less stable due to the cross-interaction between the two polarization components. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate how the polarization state of these two polarization components evolves.
In 2008, the first dark pulse laser was reported in a quantum dot diode laser with a saturable absorber.{{cite conference|author=Mingming Feng, Steven T. Cundiff, R. P. Mirin, and K. L. Silverman |conference=Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics|page=CThP1 |year=2008|url=http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=CLEO-2008-CThP1|access-date=2020-03-15|title=Dark Pulse Diode Laser}}
In 2009, the dark pulse fiber laser was successfully achieved in an all-normal dispersion erbium-doped fiber laser with a polarizer in cavity. Experimentation has revealed that apart from the bright pulse emission, under appropriate conditions the fiber laser could also emit single or multiple dark pulses. Based on numerical simulations, the dark pulse formation in the laser is a result of dark soliton shaping.{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=H. | last2=Tang | first2=D. Y. | last3=Zhao | first3=L. M. | last4=Wu | first4=X. | title=Dark pulse emission of a fiber laser | journal=Physical Review A | volume=80 | issue=4 | date=2009-10-27 | issn=1050-2947 | doi=10.1103/physreva.80.045803 | page=045803|arxiv=0910.5799| bibcode=2009PhRvA..80d5803Z | s2cid=118581850 |url=http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home2006/ZHAN0174/pra.pdf |accessdate=2009-10-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717122857/http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home2006/ZHAN0174/pra.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-17}}
In 2022, the first free space dark pulse laser using a nonlinear crystal inside of a solid state laser demonstrated.
{{cite journal
| last1 =Brunzell
| first1 =M.
| last2 =Widarsson
| first2 =M.
| last3 =Krook
| first3 =C.
| last4 =Barret
| first4 =L.
| last5 =Laurell
| first5 =F.
| last6 =Pasiskevicius
| first6 =V.
| date =2022-02-22
| title =Intra-cavity dark pulse generation through synchronized sum-frequency mixing
| url =https://opg.optica.org/ol/abstract.cfm?uri=ol-47-5-1105&origin=search
| journal =Optics Letters
| volume =47
| issue =5
| pages =1105–1108
| doi =10.1364/OL.448148
| pmid =35230302
| bibcode =2022OptL...47.1105B
| s2cid =246548854
| access-date =2022-03-03
}}