Punjabi grammar#Nouns

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language native to the region of Punjab of Pakistan and India}}

Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language native to the region of Punjab of Pakistan and India and spoken by the Punjabi people. This page discusses the grammar of Modern Standard Punjabi as defined by the relevant sources below (see #Further reading).

Word order

Punjabi has a canonical word order of subject–object–verbGill, Harjeet Singh and Gleason Jr, Henry A. (1969). A Reference Grammar of Panjabi. Patiala: Department of Linguistics, Punjabi University and has postpositions, rather than prepositions.[http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_pan Wals.info]

Transliteration

In matters of script, Punjabi uses Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi. On this page, Punjabi is written in "standard orientalist" transcription as outlined in {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=xv}} (with one change; representing ai /ɛː/ and au /ɔː/ with ē and ō respectively). Being "primarily a system of transliteration from the Indian scripts, [and] based in turn upon Sanskrit" (cf. IAST), these are its salient features: subscript dots for retroflex consonants; macrons for etymologically, contrastively long vowels; h denoting aspirated plosives. Tildes denote nasalized vowels, and grave and acute accents denote low and high tones, respectively.

Vowels and consonanta are outlined in the tables below. The vowel table shows the character used in the article (ī) followed by its IPA value in forward slashes (ex. /iː/). See Punjabi phonology for further clarification.

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+Vowels ! rowspan="2" \| ! colspan="2" \|Front ! colspan="2" \|Near-front ! colspan="2" \|Central ! colspan="2" \|Near-back ! colspan="2" \|Back
IPA	script !IPA	script !IPA	script !IPA	script !IPA	script
Close \|{{IPA link\|iː}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਈ}} {{Nastaliq\|اِی}} \| \| \|\| \| \|\| \| \|\|{{IPA link\|uː}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਊ}} {{Nastaliq\|اُو}}
Near-close \| \| \|\|{{IPA link\|ɪ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਇ}} {{Nastaliq\|اِ}} \| \| \|\| {{IPA link\|ʊ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਉ}} {{Nastaliq\|اُ}} \| \|
Close-mid \|{{IPA link\|eː}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਏ}} {{Nastaliq\|اے}} \| \| \|\| \| \|\| \| \|\|{{IPA link\|oː}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਓ}} {{Nastaliq\|او}}
Mid \| \| \|\| \| \|\| {{IPA link\|ə}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਅ}} {{Nastaliq\|اَ}} \| \| \|\| \|
Open-mid \|{{IPA link\|ɛː}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਐ}} {{Nastaliq\|اَے}} \| \| \|\| \| \|\| \| \|\| {{IPA link\|ɔː}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਔ}} {{Nastaliq\|اَو}}
Open \| \| \|\| \| \|\| {{IPA link\|aː}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਆ}} {{Nastaliq\|آ}} \| \| \|\| \|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+Vowels

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" |Front

! colspan="2" |Near-front

! colspan="2" |Central

! colspan="2" |Near-back

! colspan="2" |Back

IPA

script

!IPA

script

!IPA

script

!IPA

script

!IPA

script

|{{IPA link|iː}}

|{{lang|pa|ਈ}} {{Nastaliq|اِی}}

| ||

| ||{{IPA link|uː}}

|{{lang|pa|ਊ}} {{Nastaliq|اُو}}

Near-close

| ||{{IPA link|ɪ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਇ}} {{Nastaliq|اِ}}

| || {{IPA link|ʊ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਉ}} {{Nastaliq|اُ}}

Close-mid

|{{IPA link|eː}}

|{{lang|pa|ਏ}} {{Nastaliq|اے}}

| ||

| ||{{IPA link|oː}}

|{{lang|pa|ਓ}} {{Nastaliq|او}}

Mid

| ||

| || {{IPA link|ə}}

|{{lang|pa|ਅ}} {{Nastaliq|اَ}}

| ||

Open-mid

|{{IPA link|ɛː}}

|{{lang|pa|ਐ}} {{Nastaliq|اَے}}

| ||

| || {{IPA link|ɔː}}

|{{lang|pa|ਔ}} {{Nastaliq|اَو}}

Open

| ||

| || {{IPA link|aː}}

|{{lang|pa|ਆ}} {{Nastaliq|آ}}

| ||

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+Consonants ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" \| ! colspan="2" \| Labial ! colspan="2" \| Dental/ Alveolar ! colspan="2" \| Retroflex ! colspan="2" \| Post-alv./ Palatal ! colspan="2" \| Velar ! colspan="2" \| Glottal
IPA	script !IPA	script !IPA	script !IPA	script !IPA	script !IPA	script
colspan="2" \| Nasal \| {{IPA link\|m}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਮ}} {{Nastaliq\|م}} \| {{IPA link\|n̪\|n}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਨ}} {{Nastaliq\|ن}} \| {{IPA link\|ɳ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਣ}} {{Nastaliq\|ݨ}} \| {{IPA link\|ɲ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਞ}} {{Nastaliq\|ن٘ج}} \| {{IPA link\|ŋ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਙ}} {{Nastaliq\|ن٘گ}} \| \|
rowspan="3" \| Plosive/ Affricate ! {{small\|tenuis}} \| {{IPA link\|p}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਪ}} {{Nastaliq\|پ}} \| {{IPA link\|t̪\|t}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਤ}} {{Nastaliq\|ت}} \| {{IPA link\|ʈ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਟ}} {{Nastaliq\|ٹ}} \| {{IPA link\|t͡ʃ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਚ}} {{Nastaliq\|چ}} \| {{IPA link\|k}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਕ}} {{Nastaliq\|ک}} \| \|
{{small\|aspirated}} \| {{IPA link\|pʰ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਫ}} {{Nastaliq\|پھ}} \| {{IPA link\|tʰ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਥ}} {{Nastaliq\|تھ}} \| {{IPA link\|ʈʰ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਠ}} {{Nastaliq\|ٹھ}} \| {{IPA link\|t͡ʃʰ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਛ}} {{Nastaliq\|چھ}} \| {{IPA link\|kʰ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਖ}} {{Nastaliq\|کھ}} \| \|
{{small\|voiced}} \| {{IPA link\|b}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਬ}} {{Nastaliq\|ب}} \| {{IPA link\|d̪\|d}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਦ}} {{Nastaliq\|د}} \| {{IPA link\|ɖ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਡ}} {{Nastaliq\|ڈ}} \| {{IPA link\|d͡ʒ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਜ}} {{Nastaliq\|ج}} \| {{IPA link\|ɡ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਗ}} {{Nastaliq\|گ}} \| \|
rowspan="2" \|Fricative ! {{small\|voiceless}} \| ({{IPA link\|f}}) \|({{lang\|pa\|ਫ਼}} {{Nastaliq\|ف}}) \| {{IPA link\|s}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਸ}} {{Nastaliq\|س}} \| \| \| {{IPA link\|ʃ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਸ਼}} {{Nastaliq\|ش}} \| ({{IPA link\|x}}) \|({{lang\|pa\|ਖ਼}} {{Nastaliq\|خ}}) \| \|
{{small\|voiced}} \| \| \| ({{IPA link\|z}}) \|({{lang\|pa\|ਜ਼}} {{Nastaliq\|ز}}) \| \| \| \| \| ({{IPA link\|ɣ}}) \|({{lang\|pa\|ਗ਼}} {{Nastaliq\|غ}}) \| {{IPA link\|ɦ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਹ}} {{Nastaliq\|ہ}}
colspan="2" \|Rhotic \| \| \| {{IPA link\|ɾ}}~{{IPA link\|r}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਰ}} {{Nastaliq\|ر}} \| {{IPA link\|ɽ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ੜ}} {{Nastaliq\|ڑ}} \| \| \| \| \| \|
colspan="2" \|Approximant \| {{IPA link\|ʋ}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਵ}} {{Nastaliq\|و}} \| {{IPA link\|l}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਲ}} {{Nastaliq\|ل}} \| {{IPA link\|ɭ}}ArLaam (similar to ArNoon) has been added to Unicode since Unicode 13.0.0, which can be found in [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf Unicode] Arabic Extended-A 08C7, PDF Pg 73 under "Arabic Letter for Punjabi” 08C7 : ࣇ ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE \|{{lang\|pa\|ਲ਼}} {{Nastaliq\|لؕ}} \| {{IPA link\|j}} \|{{lang\|pa\|ਯ}} {{Nastaliq\|ی}} \| \| \| \|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+Consonants

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | Labial

! colspan="2" | Dental/
Alveolar

! colspan="2" | Retroflex

! colspan="2" | Post-alv./
Palatal

! colspan="2" | Velar

! colspan="2" | Glottal

IPA

script

!IPA

script

!IPA

script

!IPA

script

!IPA

script

!IPA

script

colspan="2" | Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

|{{lang|pa|ਮ}} {{Nastaliq|م}}

| {{IPA link|n̪|n}}

|{{lang|pa|ਨ}} {{Nastaliq|ن}}

| {{IPA link|ɳ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਣ}} {{Nastaliq|ݨ}}

| {{IPA link|ɲ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਞ}} {{Nastaliq|ن٘ج}}

| {{IPA link|ŋ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਙ}} {{Nastaliq|ن٘گ}}

rowspan="3" | Plosive/
Affricate

! {{small|tenuis}}

| {{IPA link|p}}

|{{lang|pa|ਪ}} {{Nastaliq|پ}}

| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}

|{{lang|pa|ਤ}} {{Nastaliq|ت}}

| {{IPA link|ʈ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਟ}} {{Nastaliq|ٹ}}

| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਚ}} {{Nastaliq|چ}}

| {{IPA link|k}}

|{{lang|pa|ਕ}} {{Nastaliq|ک}}

| {{IPA link|pʰ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਫ}} {{Nastaliq|پھ}}

| {{IPA link|tʰ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਥ}} {{Nastaliq|تھ}}

| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਠ}} {{Nastaliq|ٹھ}}

| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਛ}} {{Nastaliq|چھ}}

| {{IPA link|kʰ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਖ}} {{Nastaliq|کھ}}

| {{IPA link|b}}

|{{lang|pa|ਬ}} {{Nastaliq|ب}}

| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}

|{{lang|pa|ਦ}} {{Nastaliq|د}}

| {{IPA link|ɖ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਡ}} {{Nastaliq|ڈ}}

| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਜ}} {{Nastaliq|ج}}

| {{IPA link|ɡ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਗ}} {{Nastaliq|گ}}

rowspan="2" |Fricative

! {{small|voiceless}}

| ({{IPA link|f}})

|({{lang|pa|ਫ਼}} {{Nastaliq|ف}})

| {{IPA link|s}}

|{{lang|pa|ਸ}} {{Nastaliq|س}}

| {{IPA link|ʃ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਸ਼}} {{Nastaliq|ش}}

| ({{IPA link|x}})

|({{lang|pa|ਖ਼}} {{Nastaliq|خ}})

| ({{IPA link|z}})

|({{lang|pa|ਜ਼}} {{Nastaliq|ز}})

| ({{IPA link|ɣ}})

|({{lang|pa|ਗ਼}} {{Nastaliq|غ}})

| {{IPA link|ɦ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਹ}} {{Nastaliq|ہ}}

colspan="2" |Rhotic

| {{IPA link|ɾ}}~{{IPA link|r}}

|{{lang|pa|ਰ}} {{Nastaliq|ر}}

| {{IPA link|ɽ}}

|{{lang|pa|ੜ}} {{Nastaliq|ڑ}}

colspan="2" |Approximant

| {{IPA link|ʋ}}

|{{lang|pa|ਵ}} {{Nastaliq|و}}

| {{IPA link|l}}

|{{lang|pa|ਲ}} {{Nastaliq|ل}}

| {{IPA link|ɭ}}ArLaam (similar to ArNoon) has been added to Unicode since Unicode 13.0.0, which can be found in [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf Unicode] Arabic Extended-A 08C7, PDF Pg 73 under "Arabic Letter for Punjabi”

08C7 : ࣇ ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE

|{{lang|pa|ਲ਼}} {{Nastaliq|لؕ}}

| {{IPA link|j}}

|{{lang|pa|ਯ}} {{Nastaliq|ی}}

Morphology

=Nouns=

Punjabi distinguishes two genders, two numbers typically with an additional dual form for a small set of nouns, and six cases of direct, oblique, vocative, ablative, locative, and instrumental. The latter three cases are essentially now vestigial: the ablative occurs only in the singular in free variation with oblique case and an ablative postposition, and the locative and instrumental are confined to a small set of common nouns. Numeral adjectives do also have locative plural forms, and toponymic proper nouns often have a locative singular form.{{Harvcoltxt|Shackle|2003|p=599}} Nouns may be further divided into extended and unextended declensional subtypes, with the former characteristically consisting of masculines ending in unaccented -ā and feminines in -ī.

The following tables displays the suffix paradigms, as outlined in {{Harvcoltxt|Shackle|2003|pp=600–601}}. Regarding the masculine, "the [extended] case-morphemes, very similar to those of the unextended declension, are added to the obl. base -e-, which is shortened to -i- (phonetically {{IPA|[e̯]}}) before back vowels and is lost before front vowels."{{Harvcoltxt|Shackle|2003|p=600}} The division between feminine unextendeds and extendeds ending in -ī seems to be now merely an etymological consideration, as there is no distinct oblique base or any morphophonemic consideration.

{\|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|+Masculine
colspan="2"\|	Dir.	Obl.	Voc.	Abl.	Loc./ Instr.
rowspan="2"\| unEx.	Sing. \|colspan="2"\| \|\| +ā +ਆ {{resize\|{{nq\|+آ}}}} \| +ȭ +ਓਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|+ؤں}}}} \| +ē +ਏ {{resize\|{{nq\|+ئے}}}}
Pl. \|\|\| +ā̃ +ਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|+آں}}}} \| +ō +ਓ {{resize\|{{nq\|+ؤ}}}} \| \|\| +ī̃ +ਈਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|+ئِیں}}}}
rowspan="2"\| Ex.	Sing. \| -ā -ਆ {{resize\|{{nq
آ}}}} \| -ē -ਏ {{resize\|{{nq
ئے}}}} \| -iā -ਇਆ {{resize\|{{nq
یا}}}} \| -iȭ -ਇਓਂ {{resize\|{{nq
یوں}}}} \| -ē -ਏ {{resize\|{{nq
ئے}}}}
Pl. \| -ē -ਏ {{resize\|{{nq
ئے}}}} \| -iā̃ -ਇਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq
یاں}}}} \| -iō -ਇਓ {{resize\|{{nq
یو}}}} \|	-ī̃ -ਈਂ {{resize\|{{nq
ئِیں}}}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+Masculine

colspan="2"|

Dir.

Obl.

Voc.

Abl.

Loc./
Instr.

rowspan="2"| unEx.

Sing.

|colspan="2"| || +ā
+ਆ
{{resize|{{nq|+آ}}}}

| +ȭ
+ਓਂ
{{resize|{{nq|+ؤں}}}}

| +ē
+ਏ
{{resize|{{nq|+ئے}}}}

Pl.

||| +ā̃
+ਆਂ
{{resize|{{nq|+آں}}}}

| +ō
+ਓ
{{resize|{{nq|+ؤ}}}}

| || +ī̃
+ਈਂ
{{resize|{{nq|+ئِیں}}}}

rowspan="2"| Ex.

Sing.

| -ā
-ਆ
{{resize|{{nq

آ}}}}

| -ē
-ਏ
{{resize|{{nq

ئے}}}}

| -iā
-ਇਆ
{{resize|{{nq

یا}}}}

| -iȭ
-ਇਓਂ
{{resize|{{nq

یوں}}}}

| -ē
-ਏ
{{resize|{{nq

ئے}}}}

Pl.

| -ē
-ਏ
{{resize|{{nq

ئے}}}}

| -iā̃
-ਇਆਂ
{{resize|{{nq

یاں}}}}

| -iō
-ਇਓ
{{resize|{{nq

یو}}}}

-ī̃
-ਈਂ
{{resize|{{nq

ئِیں}}}}

	Dir.	Obl.	Voc.	Abl.	Loc./ Instr.
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|+Feminine
Sing. \|colspan="2"\| \|\| -/+ē -/+ਏ {{resize\|{{nq
/+ئے}}}} \| +ȭ +ਓਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|+ؤں}}}} \| +ē +ਏ {{resize\|{{nq\|+ئے}}}}
Pl. \|colspan="2"\| +ā̃ +ਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|+آں}}}} \| +ō +ਓ {{resize\|{{nq\|+ؤ}}}} \| \|\| +ī̃ +ਈਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|+ئِیں}}}}

The following table of noun declensions shows those suffix paradigms in action. Words, from {{Harvcoltxt|Shackle|2003|pp=600–601}}: ghṑṛā "stallion", sakhī "girlfriend", ghàr "house", gall "thing, matter (being talked about)".

colspan="2"\|	Dir.	Obl.	Voc.	Abl.	Loc./ Instr.
{\|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|+Extended
rowspan="2"\| Masc.	Sing. \|ghṑṛā ਘੋੜਾ {{resize\|{{nq\|گھوڑا}}}} \|ghṑṛe ਘੋੜੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|گھوڑے}}}} \|ghṑṛiā ਘੋੜਿਆ {{resize\|{{nq\|گھوڑیا}}}} \|ghṑṛiȭ ਘੋੜਿਓਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|گھوڑیوں}}}} \|(ghṑṛe) (ਘੋੜੇ) {{resize\|{{nq\|(گھوڑے)}}}}
Pl. \|ghṑṛe ਘੋੜੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|گھوڑے}}}} \|ghṑṛiā̃ ਘੋੜਿਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|گھوڑیاں}}}} \|ghṑṛiō ਘੋੜਿਓ {{resize\|{{nq\|گھوڑیو}}}} \| colspan="2" rowspan="3" \|
rowspan="2"\| Fem.	Sing. \|colspan="2"\|sakhī ਸਖੀ {{resize\|{{nq\|سَکھی}}}} \|sakhīē ਸਖੀਏ {{resize\|{{nq\|سَکِھیے}}}}
Pl. \|colspan="2"\|sakhīā̃ ਸਖੀਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|سَکِھیاں}}}} \|sakhīō ਸਖੀਓ {{resize\|{{nq\|سَکِھیو}}}}

colspan="2"\|	Dir.	Obl.	Voc.	Abl.	Loc./ Instr.
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|+Unextended
rowspan="2"\| Masc.	Sing. \|colspan="2"\|ghàr ਘਰ {{resize\|{{nq\|گَھر}}}} \|ghàrā ਘਰਾ {{resize\|{{nq\|گَھرا}}}} \|ghàrȭ ਘਰੋਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|گَھروں}}}} \|ghàrē ਘਰੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|گَھرے}}}}
Pl. \|ghàr ਘਰ {{resize\|{{nq\|گَھر}}}} \|ghàrā̃ ਘਰਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|گَھراں}}}} \|ghàrō ਘਰੋ {{resize\|{{nq\|گَھرو}}}} \| \|ghàrī̃ ਘਰੀਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|گَھرِیں}}}}
rowspan="2"\| Fem.	Sing. \|colspan="2"\|gall ਗੱਲ {{resize\|{{nq\|گَلّ}}}} \|(gallē) (ਗੱਲੇ) {{resize\|{{nq\|(گَلّے)}}}} \|gallȭ ਗੱਲੋਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|گَلّوں}}}} \|gallē ਗੱਲੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|گَلّے}}}}
Pl. \|colspan="2"\|gallā̃ ਗੱਲਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|گَلّاں}}}} \|gallō ਗੱਲੋ {{resize\|{{nq\|گَلّو}}}} \| \|gallī̃ ਗੱਲੀਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|گَلِّیں}}}}

=Adjectives=

Adjectives may be divided into declinable and indeclinable categories. Declinable adjectives have endings that change by the gender, number and case of the noun that they qualify. Declinable adjective have endings that are similar but much simpler than those of nouns:{{Harvcoltxt|Shackle|2003|p=601}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
colspan="3"\|	Sing.	Pl.
rowspan="3"\|Declin. ! rowspan="2"\| Masc.	Dir. \| -ā -ਆ {{resize\|{{nq
آ}}}} \| -ē -ਏ {{resize\|{{nq
ئے}}}}
Obl. \| -ē -ਏ {{resize\|{{nq
ئے}}}} \| -ē, -iā̃ -ਏ, -ਇਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq
ئے، -یاں}}}}
colspan="2"\| Fem. \| -ī -ਈ {{resize\|{{nq
ئی}}}} \| -īā̃ -ਈਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq
ئِیاں}}}}
colspan="3"\|Indeclin. \|colspan="2"\|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

colspan="3"|

Sing.

Pl.

rowspan="3"|Declin.

! rowspan="2"| Masc.

Dir.

| -ā
-ਆ
{{resize|{{nq

آ}}}}

| -ē
-ਏ
{{resize|{{nq

ئے}}}}

Obl.

| -ē
-ਏ
{{resize|{{nq

ئے}}}}

| -ē, -iā̃
-ਏ, -ਇਆਂ
{{resize|{{nq

ئے، -یاں}}}}

colspan="2"| Fem.

| -ī
-ਈ
{{resize|{{nq

ئی}}}}

| -īā̃
-ਈਆਂ
{{resize|{{nq

ئِیاں}}}}

colspan="3"|Indeclin.

|colspan="2"|

Indeclinable adjectives are invariable and can end in either consonants or vowels (including ā and ī ). The direct masculine singular (-ā) is the citation form. Most adjectives ending in consonants are indeclinable.

colspan="2"\|	Dir.	Obl.	Voc.	Abl.	Loc./ Instr.
+*Declinable adjective caṅgā* "good" in attributive use**
{\|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
rowspan="2"\| Masc.	Sing. \|caṅgā ghṑṛā ਚੰਗਾ ਘੋੜਾ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگا گھوڑا}}}} \|caṅgē ghṑṛē ਚੰਗੇ ਘੋੜੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگے گھوڑے}}}} \|caṅgē ghṑṛiā ਚੰਗੇ ਘੋੜਿਆ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگے گھوڑیا}}}} \|caṅgē ghṑṛiȭ ਚੰਗੇ ਘੋੜਿਓਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگے گھوڑیوں}}}} \|(caṅge ghṑṛē) (ਚੰਗੇ ਘੋੜੇ) {{resize\|{{nq\|(چَنگے گھوڑے)}}}}
Pl. \|caṅgē ghṑṛē ਚੰਗੇ ਘੋੜੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگے گھوڑے}}}} \|caṅgiā̃ ghṑṛiā̃ ਚੰਗਿਆਂ ਘੋੜਿਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگیاں گھوڑیاں}}}} \|caṅgi'ō ghṑṛiō ਚੰਗਿਆਂ ਘੋੜਿਓ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگیو گھوڑیو}}}} \| colspan="2" rowspan="3" \|
rowspan="2"\| Fem.	Sing. \|colspan="2"\|caṅgī sakhī ਚੰਗੀ ਸਖੀ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگی سَکھی}}}} \|caṅgī sakhīē ਚੰਗੀ ਸਖੀਏ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگی سَکِھیے}}}}
Pl. \|colspan="2"\|caṅgīā̃ sakhīā̃ ਚੰਗੀਆਂ ਸਖੀਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگِیاں سَکِھیاں}}}} \|caṅgīā̃ sakhīō ਚੰਗੀਆਂ ਸਖੀਓ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگِیاں سَکِھیو}}}}

colspan="2"\|	Dir.	Obl.	Voc.	Abl.	Loc./ Instr.
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
rowspan="2"\| Masc.	Sing. \|caṅgā ghàr ਚੰਗਾ ਘਰ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگا گَھر}}}} \|caṅgē ghàr ਚੰਗੇ ਘਰ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگے گَھر}}}} \|caṅgē ghàrā ਚੰਗੇ ਘਰਾ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگے گَھرا}}}} \|caṅgē ghàrȭ ਚੰਗੇ ਘਰੋਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگے گَھروں}}}} \|caṅgē ghàrē ਚੰਗੇ ਘਰੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگے گَھرے}}}}
Pl. \|caṅge ghàr ਚੰਗੇ ਘਰ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگے گَھر}}}} \|caṅgiā̃ ghàrā̃ ਚੰਗਿਆਂ ਘਰਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگیاں گَھراں}}}} \|caṅgiā̃ ghàrō ਚੰਗਿਆਂ ਘਰੋ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگیاں گَھرو}}}} \| \|\|caṅgiā̃ ghàrī̃ ਚੰਗਿਆਂ ਘਰੀਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگیاں گَھرِیں}}}}
rowspan="2"\| Fem.	Sing. \|colspan="2"\|caṅgī gall ਚੰਗੀ ਗੱਲ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگی گَلّ}}}} \|(caṅgī gallē) (ਚੰਗੀ ਗੱਲੇ) {{resize\|{{nq\|(چَنگی گَلّے)}}}} \|caṅgī gallȭ ਚੰਗੀ ਗੱਲੋਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگی گَلّوں}}}} \|caṅgī gallē ਚੰਗੀ ਗੱਲੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگی گَلّے}}}}
Pl. \|colspan="2"\|caṅgīā̃ gallā̃ ਚੰਗੀਆਂ ਗੱਲਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگِیاں گَلّاں}}}} \|caṅgīā̃ gallō ਚੰਗੀਆਂ ਗੱਲੋ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگِیاں گَلّو}}}} \| \|\|caṅgīā̃ gallī̃ ਚੰਗੀਆਂ ਗੱਲੀਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|چَنگِیاں گَلِّیں}}}}

colspan="2"\|	Dir.	Obl.	Voc.	Abl.	Loc./ Instr.
+Indeclinable adjective xarāb "bad" in attributive use
{\|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
rowspan="2"\| Masc.	Sing. \|xarāb ghṑṛā ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘੋੜਾ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گھوڑا}}}} \|xarāb ghṑṛē ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘੋੜੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گھوڑے}}}} \|xarāb ghṑṛiā ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘੋੜਿਆ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گھوڑیا}}}} \|xarāb ghṑṛiȭ ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘੋੜਿਓਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گھوڑیوں}}}} \|(xarāb ghṑṛē) (ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘੋੜੇ) {{resize\|{{nq\|(خَراب گھوڑے)}}}}
Pl. \|xarāb ghṑṛē ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘੋੜੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گھوڑے}}}} \|xarāb ghṑṛiā̃ ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘੋੜਿਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گھوڑیاں}}}} \|xarāb ghṑṛiō ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘੋੜਿਓ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گھوڑیو}}}} \| colspan="2" rowspan="3" \|
rowspan="2"\| Fem.	Sing. \|colspan="2"\|xarāb sakhī ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਸਖੀ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب سَکھی}}}} \|xarāb sakhīē ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਸਖੀਏ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب سَکِھیے}}}}
Pl. \|colspan="2"\|xarāb sakhīā̃ ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਸਖੀਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب سَکِھیاں}}}} \|xarāb sakhīō ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਸਖੀਓ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب سَکِھیو}}}}

colspan="2"\|	Dir.	Obl.	Voc.	Abl.	Loc./ Instr.
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
rowspan="2"\| Masc.	Sing. \| xarāb ghàr ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘਰ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گَھر}}}} \|xarāb ghàr ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘਰ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گَھر}}}} \|xarāb ghàrā ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘਰਾ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گَھرا}}}} \|xarāb ghàrȭ ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘਰੋਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گَھروں}}}} \|xarāb ghàrē ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘਰੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گَھرے}}}}
Pl. \|xarāb ghàr ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘਰ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گَھر}}}} \|xarāb ghàrā̃ ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘਰਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گَھراں}}}} \|xarāb ghàrō ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘਰੋ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گَھرو}}}} \| \|\|xarāb ghàrī̃ ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਘਰੀਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گَھرِیں}}}}
rowspan="2"\| Fem.	Sing. \|colspan="2"\|xarāb gall ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਗੱਲ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گَلّ}}}} \|(xarāb gallē) (ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਗੱਲੇ) {{resize\|{{nq\|(خَراب گَلّے)}}}} \|xarāb gallȭ ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਗੱਲੋਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گَلّوں}}}} \|xarāb gallē ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਗੱਲੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گَلّے}}}}
Pl. \|colspan="2"\|xarāb gallā̃ ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਗੱਲਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گَلّاں}}}} \|xarāb gallō ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਗੱਲੋ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گَلّو}}}} \| \|\|xarāb gallī̃ ਖ਼ਰਾਬ ਗੱਲੀਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|خَراب گَلِّیں}}}}

All adjectives can be used attributively, predicatively, or substantively. Those used substantively are declined as nouns rather than adjectives. Finally, additional inflections are often marked in colloquial speech: feminine singular vocative nī sóṇīē kuṛīē! "hey pretty girl!".

=Postpositions=

The aforementioned inflection system goes only so far on its own but rather serves as that upon which is built a system of particles, known as postpositions, which parallel English's prepositions. Their use with a noun or verb requires the noun or verb to take the oblique case, and they are the locus of grammatical function, or "case-marking"

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! ! Transliteration ! Gurmukhi ! Shahmukhi ! NotesMay use dē
rowspan="7"\|Used alone \| dā \| ਦਾ \| {{nq\|دا}} \| genitive marker; declines like an adjective. Example: "X dā/dī/etc. Y" means "X's Y", with dā/dī/etc. agreeing with Y.
nū̃ \| ਨੂੰ \| {{nq\|نُوں}} \| marks the indirect object (dative marker), or, if definite, the direct object (accusative marker).
nē \| ਨੇ \| {{nq\|نے}} \| ergative case marker; applicable to subjects of transitive perfective verbs.
tō̃ \| ਤੋਂ \| {{nq\|توں}} \| ablative marker, "from"
vall \| ਵੱਲ \| {{nq\|وَلّ}} \| orientative marker; "towards"
takk, tāī̃ \| ਤੱਕ, ਤਾਈਂ \| {{nq\|تَکّ، تائِیں}} \| terminative marker, "until, up to"
vikhē \| ਵਿਖੇ \| {{nq\|وِکھے}} \| locative marker, "at (a specific location)", e.g. Hōshiārpur vikhē, "at Hoshiarpur" (a city). Often colloquially replaced with 'tē
rowspan="17"\|May use a secondary preposition \| vicc \| ਵਿੱਚ \| {{nq\|وِچّ}} \| inessive marker, "in." Often contracted to 'c
nāḷ \| ਨਾਲ਼ \| {{nq\|نالؕ}} \| comitative marker, "with"
uttē \| ਉੱਤੇ \| {{nq\|اُتّے}} \| superessive marker, "on" or "at." Often contracted to 'tē
kōḷ \| ਕੋਲ਼ \| {{nq\|کولؕ}} \| possessive marker; "with" (as in possession) e.g. kuṛī (dē) kōḷ, "in the girl's possession."
bārē \| ਬਾਰੇ \| {{nq\|بارے}} \| "about"
laī \| ਲਈ \| {{nq\|لَئی}} \| benefactive marker; "for"
vargā \| ਵਰਗਾ \| {{nq\|وَرگا}} \| comparative marker; "like" (in resemblance)
vāngū, vāng \| ਵਾਂਗੂ, ਵਾਂਗ \| {{nq\|وانگُو، وانگ}} \| comparative marker; "like" (in manner)
tarh̤ā̃ (tárā̃) \| ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ \| {{nq\|طَرْحاں}} \| comparative marker; "like" (non-specific)
duāḷē \| ਦੁਆਲ਼ੇ \| {{nq\|دوالؕے}} \| "around, surrounding" ex. manjē (de) duāḷē, "around the bed."
binnā̃, bājhō̃ \| ਬਿੰਨਾਂ, ਬਾਝੋਂ \| {{nq\|بِنّاں، باجھوں}} \| abessive marker; "without"
nēṛē \| ਨੇੜੇ \| {{nq\|نیڑے}} \| "near"
lāgē \| ਲਾਗੇ \| {{nq\|لاگے}} \| apudessive marker; "adjacent/next to"
vickār, gabbē \| ਵਿਚਕਾਰ, ਗੱਬੇ \| {{nq\|وِچکار، گَبّے}} \| intrative marker, "between, middle of"
mājh (mā́j) \| ਮਾਝ \| {{nq\|ماجھ}} \| "in the midst of"
andar \| ਅੰਦਰ \| {{nq\|اَن٘در}} \| "inside"
bāhar (bā́r) \| ਬਾਹਰ \| {{nq\|باہر}} \| "outside"

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! Transliteration

! Gurmukhi

! Shahmukhi

! NotesMay use dē

rowspan="7"|Used alone

| dā

| ਦਾ

| {{nq|دا}}

| genitive marker; declines like an adjective. Example: "X dā/dī/etc. Y" means "X's Y", with dā/dī/etc. agreeing with Y.

nū̃

| ਨੂੰ

| {{nq|نُوں}}

| marks the indirect object (dative marker), or, if definite, the direct object (accusative marker).

nē

| ਨੇ

| {{nq|نے}}

| ergative case marker; applicable to subjects of transitive perfective verbs.

tō̃

| ਤੋਂ

| {{nq|توں}}

| ablative marker, "from"

vall

| ਵੱਲ

| {{nq|وَلّ}}

| orientative marker; "towards"

takk, tāī̃

| ਤੱਕ, ਤਾਈਂ

| {{nq|تَکّ، تائِیں}}

| terminative marker, "until, up to"

vikhē

| ਵਿਖੇ

| {{nq|وِکھے}}

| locative marker, "at (a specific location)", e.g. Hōshiārpur vikhē, "at Hoshiarpur" (a city). Often colloquially replaced with 'tē

rowspan="17"|May use a secondary preposition

| vicc

| ਵਿੱਚ

| {{nq|وِچّ}}

| inessive marker, "in." Often contracted to 'c

nāḷ

| ਨਾਲ਼

| {{nq|نالؕ}}

| comitative marker, "with"

uttē

| ਉੱਤੇ

| {{nq|اُتّے}}

| superessive marker, "on" or "at." Often contracted to 'tē

kōḷ

| ਕੋਲ਼

| {{nq|کولؕ}}

| possessive marker; "with" (as in possession) e.g. kuṛī (dē) kōḷ, "in the girl's possession."

bārē

| ਬਾਰੇ

| {{nq|بارے}}

| "about"

laī

| ਲਈ

| {{nq|لَئی}}

| benefactive marker; "for"

vargā

| ਵਰਗਾ

| {{nq|وَرگا}}

| comparative marker; "like" (in resemblance)

vāngū, vāng

| ਵਾਂਗੂ, ਵਾਂਗ

| {{nq|وانگُو، وانگ}}

| comparative marker; "like" (in manner)

tarh̤ā̃ (tárā̃)

| ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ

| {{nq|طَرْحاں}}

| comparative marker; "like" (non-specific)

duāḷē

| ਦੁਆਲ਼ੇ

| {{nq|دوالؕے}}

| "around, surrounding" ex. manjē (de) duāḷē, "around the bed."

binnā̃, bājhō̃

| ਬਿੰਨਾਂ, ਬਾਝੋਂ

| {{nq|بِنّاں، باجھوں}}

| abessive marker; "without"

nēṛē

| ਨੇੜੇ

| {{nq|نیڑے}}

| "near"

lāgē

| ਲਾਗੇ

| {{nq|لاگے}}

| apudessive marker; "adjacent/next to"

vickār, gabbē

| ਵਿਚਕਾਰ, ਗੱਬੇ

| {{nq|وِچکار، گَبّے}}

| intrative marker, "between, middle of"

mājh (mā́j)

| ਮਾਝ

| {{nq|ماجھ}}

| "in the midst of"

andar

| ਅੰਦਰ

| {{nq|اَن٘در}}

| "inside"

bāhar (bā́r)

| ਬਾਹਰ

| {{nq|باہر}}

| "outside"

Other postpositions are adverbs, following their obliqued targets either directly or with the inflected genitive linker dē; e.g. kàr (dē) vicc "in the house", kṑṛe (dē) nāḷ "with the stallion". Many such adverbs (the ones locative in nature) also possess corresponding ablative forms{{Harvcoltxt|Shackle|2003|p=602}} by forming a contraction with the ablative postposition tȭ; for example:

vicc "in" → viccȭ "from in, among", for instance, jantē (dē) viccȭ or jantē 'cȭ, "from among the people" and
nāḷ "with"→ nāḷȭ "compared to", for instance, kṑṛē (dē) nāḷȭ, "compared to the stallion."

=Pronouns=

==Personal==

Punjabi has personal pronouns for the first and second persons, while for the third person demonstratives are used, which can be categorized deictically as near and remote. Pronouns do not distinguish gender.

The language has a T-V distinction in tū̃ and tusī̃. This latter "polite" form is also grammatically plural.

{\|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !rowspan="2"\|{{Harvcoltxt\|Shackle\|2003\|p=603}} !colspan="2"\| 1st pn. !!colspan="2"\| 2nd pn.
Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.
Direct \|rowspan="2"\|mẽ ਮੈਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|مَیں}}}} \|asī̃ ਅਸੀਂ {{resize\|{{nq \| اَسِی}}}} \|tū̃ ਤੂੰ {{resize\|{{nq\|تُوں}}}} \|tusī̃ ਤੁਸੀਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|تُسی}}}}
Ergative (Oblique) \|asā̃ ਅਸਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|اَساں}}}} \|tẽ ਤੈਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|تَیں}}}} \|tusā̃ ਤੁਸਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|تُساں}}}}
Dative \|mennū̃ ਮੈਨੂੰ {{resize\|{{nq\|مَینُوں}}}} \|sānnū̃ ਸਾਨੂੰ {{resize\|{{nq\|سانُوں}}}} \|tennū̃ ਤੈਨੂੰ {{resize\|{{nq\|تَینُوں}}}} \|tuā̀nnū̃ ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ {{resize\|{{nq\|تُہانُوں}}}}
Ablative \|metthȭ ਮੈਥੋਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|مَیتھوں}}}} \|sātthȭ ਸਾਥੋਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|ساتھوں}}}} \|tetthȭ ਤੈਥੋਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|تَیتھوں}}}} \|tuā̀tthȭ ਤੁਹਾਥੋਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|تُہاتھوں}}}}
Genitive \|mērā, mērē, mērī, mērīā̃ ਮੇਰਾ, ਮੇਰੇ, ਮੇਰੀ, ਮੇਰੀਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|میرا، میرے، میری، میرِیاں}}}} \|sāḍḍā, sāḍḍē, sāḍḍī, sāḍḍīā̃ ਸਾਡਾ, ਸਾਡੇ, ਸਾਡੀ, ਸਾਡੀਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|ساڈا، ساڈے، ساڈی، ساڈِیاں}}}} \|tērā, tērē, tērī, tērīā̃ ਤੇਰਾ, ਤੇਰੇ, ਤੇਰੀ, ਤੇਰੀਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|تیرا، تیرے، تیری، تیرِیاں}}}} \|tuā̀ḍḍā, tuā̀ḍḍē, tuā̀ḍḍī, tuā̀ḍḍīā̃ ਤੁਹਾਡਾ, ਤੁਹਾਡੇ, ਤੁਹਾਡੀ, ਤੁਹਾਡੀਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|تُہاڈا، تُہاڈے، تُہاڈی، تُہاڈِیاں}}}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

!rowspan="2"|{{Harvcoltxt|Shackle|2003|p=603}}

!colspan="2"| 1st pn. !!colspan="2"| 2nd pn.

Sing.

Pl.

Sing.

Pl.

Direct

|rowspan="2"|mẽ
ਮੈਂ {{resize|{{nq|مَیں}}}}

|asī̃
ਅਸੀਂ {{resize|{{nq | اَسِی}}}}

|tū̃
ਤੂੰ {{resize|{{nq|تُوں}}}}

|tusī̃
ਤੁਸੀਂ {{resize|{{nq|تُسی}}}}

Ergative (Oblique)

|asā̃
ਅਸਾਂ {{resize|{{nq|اَساں}}}}

|tẽ
ਤੈਂ {{resize|{{nq|تَیں}}}}

|tusā̃
ਤੁਸਾਂ {{resize|{{nq|تُساں}}}}

Dative

|mennū̃
ਮੈਨੂੰ {{resize|{{nq|مَینُوں}}}}

|sānnū̃
ਸਾਨੂੰ {{resize|{{nq|سانُوں}}}}

|tennū̃
ਤੈਨੂੰ {{resize|{{nq|تَینُوں}}}}

|tuā̀nnū̃
ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ {{resize|{{nq|تُہانُوں}}}}

Ablative

|metthȭ
ਮੈਥੋਂ {{resize|{{nq|مَیتھوں}}}}

|sātthȭ
ਸਾਥੋਂ {{resize|{{nq|ساتھوں}}}}

|tetthȭ
ਤੈਥੋਂ {{resize|{{nq|تَیتھوں}}}}

|tuā̀tthȭ
ਤੁਹਾਥੋਂ {{resize|{{nq|تُہاتھوں}}}}

Genitive

|mērā, mērē, mērī, mērīā̃
ਮੇਰਾ, ਮੇਰੇ, ਮੇਰੀ, ਮੇਰੀਆਂ
{{resize|{{nq|میرا، میرے، میری، میرِیاں}}}}

|sāḍḍā, sāḍḍē, sāḍḍī, sāḍḍīā̃
ਸਾਡਾ, ਸਾਡੇ, ਸਾਡੀ, ਸਾਡੀਆਂ
{{resize|{{nq|ساڈا، ساڈے، ساڈی، ساڈِیاں}}}}

|tērā, tērē, tērī, tērīā̃
ਤੇਰਾ, ਤੇਰੇ, ਤੇਰੀ, ਤੇਰੀਆਂ
{{resize|{{nq|تیرا، تیرے، تیری، تیرِیاں}}}}

|tuā̀ḍḍā, tuā̀ḍḍē, tuā̀ḍḍī, tuā̀ḍḍīā̃
ਤੁਹਾਡਾ, ਤੁਹਾਡੇ, ਤੁਹਾਡੀ, ਤੁਹਾਡੀਆਂ
{{resize|{{nq|تُہاڈا، تُہاڈے، تُہاڈی، تُہاڈِیاں}}}}

colspan="2"\| Near	colspan="2"\| Remote
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !rowspan="3"\| !!colspan="4"\| Demonstrative !colspan="2" rowspan="2"\| Relative !!colspan="2" rowspan="2"\| Interrogative
Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.
Direct \|colspan="2"\|ḗ ਇਹ {{resize\|{{nq\|ایہہ}}}} \|colspan="2"\|ṓ ਉਹ {{resize\|{{nq\|اوہ}}}} \|colspan="2"\|jō, jin ਜੋ, ਜਿਨ {{resize\|{{nq\|جو، جن}}}} \|colspan="2"\|koṇ, kin ਕੌਣ, ਕਿਨ {{resize\|{{nq\|کوݨ، کن}}}}
Oblique \|is, ēs ਇਸ, ਏਸ {{resize\|{{nq\|ایس}}}} \|ḗnnā̃ ਇਹਨਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|ایہناں}}}} \|us, ōs ਉਸ, ਓਸ {{resize\|{{nq\|اوس}}}} \|ṓnnā̃ ਉਹਨਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|اوہناں}}}} \|jī, jis ਜੀ, ਜਿਸ {{resize\|{{nq\|جی، جس}}}} \|jḗnnā̃ ਜਿਹਨਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|جہناں}}}} \|kī, kis ਕੀ, ਕਿਸ {{resize\| {{nq\|کی، کس}}}} \|kḗnnā̃ ਕਿਹਨਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|کہناں}}}}

The dative & ablative personal pronouns are analyzed as the oblique forms merging with suffixes, e.g. tusā̃ + nū̃ > tuhānū̃.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

Unlike other pronouns, genitive pronouns essentially function in a manner similar to regular adjectives, declining in agreement with their direct objects. Moreover, koṇ and jō are colloquially replaced by kḗṛā "which?" jḗṛā "which". Indefinites include kōī (obl. kisē) "some(one)" and kújj "some(thing)". The reflexive pronoun is āp, with a genitive of āpṇā. The pronominal obl. -nā̃ also occurs in ik, iknā̃ "some", hōr, hōrnā̃ "others", sáb, sábnā̃ "all".{{Harvcoltxt|Shackle|2003|p=604}}

==Derivates==

Based on table in {{Harvcoltxt|Shackle|2003|p=604}}. Indefinites are extended forms of the interrogative set; e.g. kite "somewhere", kade "sometimes". The multiple versions under certain categories are dialectal variations.

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" colspan="2"\| !! rowspan="2"\|Interrogative !! rowspan="2"\|Relative !! colspan="2"\|Demonstrative
Near	Remote
rowspan="1" colspan="2"\|Date \|{{tooltip\|2=when?\|kiddaṇ}} \|{{tooltip\|2=when\|jiddaṇ}} \| \|{{tooltip\|2=then\|oddaṇ}}
rowspan="5"\|Time !rowspan="1"\|Regular \|{{tooltip\|2=when?\|kad}} \|{{tooltip\|2=when\|jad}} \|{{tooltip\|2=now\|huṇ}} \|{{tooltip\|2=then\|tad}}
rowspan="2"\|Emphatic \|{{tooltip\|2=when?\|kade}} \|{{tooltip\|2=when\|jade}} \|{{tooltip\|2=then\|huṇe}} \|{{tooltip\|2=then\|tade}}
{{tooltip\|2=when?\|kádī}} \|{{tooltip\|2=when\|jádī}} \|{{tooltip\|2=then\|húṇī}} \|{{tooltip\|2=then\|tádī}}
rowspan="2"\|Ablative{{efn\|In some dialects, these ablative forms for Time replace the regular ones.}} \|rowspan="2"\|{{tooltip\|2=when?\|kadõ}} \|rowspan="2"\|{{tooltip\|2=when\|jadõ}} \|rowspan="2"\| {{tooltip\|2=when\|eddõ}} \|{{tooltip\|2=then\|oddõ}}
{{tooltip\|2=then\|tadõ}}
rowspan="2" colspan="1"\|Place !rowspan="1"\|Regular \|{{tooltip\|2=where?\|kitthe}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=where\|jitthe}} \|{{tooltip\|2=here\|etthe}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=there\|otthe}}
rowspan="1"\|Ablative \|{{tooltip\|2=whence?\|kitthõ}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=whence\|jitthõ}} \|{{tooltip\|2=hence\|etthõ}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=thence\|otthõ}}
rowspan="2" colspan="1"\|Direction !rowspan="1"\|Regular \|{{tooltip\|2=whither?\|kíddar}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=whither\|jíddar}} \|{{tooltip\|2=hither\|éddar}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=thither\|óddar}}
rowspan="1"\|Ablative \|{{tooltip\|2=whence?\|kíddrõ}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=whither\|jíddrõ}} \|{{tooltip\|2=hence\|éddrõ}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=thither\|óddrõ}}
rowspan="3" colspan="2"\|Manner{{Efn\|The third row of Manner may have been derived from the emphatic forms of Reason.}} \|{{tooltip\|2=how?\|kiddā̃}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=how\|jiddā̃}} \|{{tooltip\|2=like this\|eddā̃}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=like that\|oddā̃}}
{{tooltip\|2=how?\|kiñj}}	{{tooltip\|2=how\|jiñj}} \|{{tooltip\|2=like this\|eñj}}	{{tooltip\|2=like that\|oñj}}
{{tooltip\|2=how?\|kivẽ}}	{{tooltip\|2=how\|jivẽ}} \|{{tooltip\|2=like this\|evẽ}}	{{tooltip\|2=like that\|ovẽ}}
rowspan="1" colspan="2"\|Reason \|{{tooltip\|2=why?\|kyõ}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=as\|jyõ}} \|{{tooltip\|2=thus\|eõ}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=thus\|oõ}}
colspan="2"\|Quality{{efn\|Quality, Quantity and Magnitude are declinable.\|name=decl}} \|kío jíā\|\|(jío) jíā\|\|éo jíā\|\|óo jíā
colspan="2"\|Quantity{{efn\|name=decl}} \|{{tooltip\|2=how much/many?\|kinnā}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=as much/many\|jinnā}} \|{{tooltip\|2=this much/many\|ennā}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=that much/many\|onnā}}
rowspan="1" colspan="2"\|Magnitude{{efn\|name=decl}} \|rowspan="1"\|{{tooltip\|2=how big?\|kiḍḍā}} \|rowspan="1"\|{{tooltip\|2=as big\|jiḍḍā}} \|{{tooltip\|2=this big\|eḍḍā}} \|{{tooltip\|2=that big\|oḍḍā}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"|Interrogative !! rowspan="2"|Relative !! colspan="2"|Demonstrative

Near

Remote

rowspan="1" colspan="2"|Date

|{{tooltip|2=when?|kiddaṇ}}

|{{tooltip|2=when|jiddaṇ}}

|{{tooltip|2=then|oddaṇ}}

rowspan="5"|Time

!rowspan="1"|Regular

|{{tooltip|2=when?|kad}}

|{{tooltip|2=when|jad}}

|{{tooltip|2=now|huṇ}}

|{{tooltip|2=then|tad}}

rowspan="2"|Emphatic

|{{tooltip|2=when?|kade}}

|{{tooltip|2=when|jade}}

|{{tooltip|2=then|huṇe}}

|{{tooltip|2=then|tade}}

|{{tooltip|2=when|jádī}}

|{{tooltip|2=then|húṇī}}

|{{tooltip|2=then|tádī}}

rowspan="2"|Ablative{{efn|In some dialects, these ablative forms for Time replace the regular ones.}}

|rowspan="2"|{{tooltip|2=when?|kadõ}}

|rowspan="2"|{{tooltip|2=when|jadõ}}

|rowspan="2"| {{tooltip|2=when|eddõ}}

|{{tooltip|2=then|oddõ}}

rowspan="2" colspan="1"|Place

!rowspan="1"|Regular

|{{tooltip|2=where?|kitthe}}||{{tooltip|2=where|jitthe}}

|{{tooltip|2=here|etthe}}||{{tooltip|2=there|otthe}}

rowspan="1"|Ablative

|{{tooltip|2=whence?|kitthõ}}||{{tooltip|2=whence|jitthõ}}

|{{tooltip|2=hence|etthõ}}||{{tooltip|2=thence|otthõ}}

rowspan="2" colspan="1"|Direction

!rowspan="1"|Regular

|{{tooltip|2=whither?|kíddar}}||{{tooltip|2=whither|jíddar}}

|{{tooltip|2=hither|éddar}}||{{tooltip|2=thither|óddar}}

rowspan="1"|Ablative

|{{tooltip|2=whence?|kíddrõ}}||{{tooltip|2=whither|jíddrõ}}

|{{tooltip|2=hence|éddrõ}}||{{tooltip|2=thither|óddrõ}}

rowspan="3" colspan="2"|Manner{{Efn|The third row of Manner may have been derived from the emphatic forms of Reason.}}

|{{tooltip|2=how?|kiddā̃}}||{{tooltip|2=how|jiddā̃}}

|{{tooltip|2=like this|eddā̃}}||{{tooltip|2=like that|oddā̃}}

|{{tooltip|2=like this|eñj}}

|{{tooltip|2=like this|evẽ}}

rowspan="1" colspan="2"|Reason

|{{tooltip|2=why?|kyõ}}||{{tooltip|2=as|jyõ}}

|{{tooltip|2=thus|eõ}}||{{tooltip|2=thus|oõ}}

colspan="2"|Quality{{efn|Quality, Quantity and Magnitude are declinable.|name=decl}}

|kío jíā||(jío) jíā||éo jíā||óo jíā

colspan="2"|Quantity{{efn|name=decl}}

|{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|kinnā}}||{{tooltip|2=as much/many|jinnā}}

|{{tooltip|2=this much/many|ennā}}||{{tooltip|2=that much/many|onnā}}

rowspan="1" colspan="2"|Magnitude{{efn|name=decl}}

|rowspan="1"|{{tooltip|2=how big?|kiḍḍā}}

|rowspan="1"|{{tooltip|2=as big|jiḍḍā}}

|{{tooltip|2=this big|eḍḍā}}

|{{tooltip|2=that big|oḍḍā}}

The demonstrative prefixes e and o vary from [ɪ~e~ɛ] and [ʊ~o~ɔ] respectively (resulting in varied spellings).

==Pronominal suffixes==

Some varieties of the Majhi dialect of Punjabi (documented thus far in Lahore,{{cite journal |last1=Butt |first1=Miriam |title=The role of pronominal suffixes in Punjabi |journal=Architecture, rules, and preferences |date=2007 |pages=341–368 |url=https://ling.sprachwiss.uni-konstanz.de/pages/home/butt/main/papers/final-punjabi.pdf}} and the Gujrat district) have pronominal suffixes that are appended to verbs, and which replace dropped pronominal arguments.

class="wikitable" align="center" !Person !Singular !Plural
2 \|-ī \|-jē
3 \|-s(ū) \|-ne

class="wikitable" align="center"

!Person

!Singular

!Plural

|-ī

|-jē

|-s(ū)

|-ne

=Verbs=

==Overview==

The Punjabi verbal system is can be described largely in terms of aspect and mood. Most Punjabi verbs do not inflect for tense—the only verb which does is the copular verb {{lang|pa|ਹੈ}} / {{resize|{{nq|ہے}}}}. Some linguists have described aspectual forms of Punjabi verbs as being inflections for tense; however, this assessment is flawed as these verb forms can be used the same way in sentences which refer to any time with respect to the situation of the speaker or writer.{{cite Q|Q112671425|page=179|chapter=10}}

The copular verb has two tense forms which can be described as "remote" and "non-remote," as they indicate a metaphorical distance or closeness to the situation. "Past" and "present" can be understood as default assumptions for the times which the remote and non-remote tenses refer to respectively, however, these temporal references are not required of these tenses. Rather, time can largely be understood to exist extralinguistically in Punjabi. The remote forms of the copula, {{lang|pa|ਸੀ}} / {{resize|{{nq|سی}}}}, do not resemble the non-remote forms {{lang|pa|ਹੈ}} / {{resize|{{nq|ہے}}}} phonetically.{{cite Q|Q112671425|page=188|chapter=10}} The copula does not behave like a full lexical verb in Punjabi and does not form part of serial verb constructions; rather than taking on the meaning of the existential verb 'to be' or 'to become' {{lang|pa|ਹੋਣਾ}} / {{resize|{{nq|ہونٌا}}}}, it means 'being' without any aspectual component. The copula is also not obligatory in a Punjabi clause. A full lexical verb in Punjabi on the other hand, does exhibit grammatical aspect. Due the close meaning of {{lang|pa|ਹੋਣਾ}} / {{resize|{{nq|ہونٌا}}}} and the copula, they are sometimes described as forms of the same lexeme; however, because they are directly derived from two distinct Sanskrit words and do not function alike grammatically, they are better described as two different but complementary words.{{cite Q|Q112671425|page=33|chapter=2}}

Finite verbal agreement is with the nominative subject, except in the transitive perfective, where it can be with the direct object, with the erstwhile subject taking the ergative construction -ne (see postpositions above). The perfective aspect thus displays split ergativity.

Tabled below on the left are the paradigms for the major Gender and Number termination (GN), along the line of that introduced in the adjectives section. To the right are the paradigms for the Person and Number termination (PN), used by the subjunctive (which has 1st pl. -īe) and future (which has 1st pl. -ā̃).

{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! (GN) !! Sing. !! Pl.
Masc. \| -ā\|
ē
Fem. \| -ī\|
īā̃

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! (GN) !! Sing. !! Pl.

Masc.

| -ā|

Fem.

| -ī|

īā̃

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! (PN) !! 1st. !! 2nd. !! 3rd.
Sing. \| -ā̃\|\| -ē~\|\| -ē
Pl. \| -ā̃/īē\|\| -ō\|\| -aṇ

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! (PN) !! 1st. !! 2nd. !! 3rd.

Sing.

| -ā̃|| -ē~|| -ē

Pl.

| -ā̃/īē|| -ō|| -aṇ

==Copula==

The Punjabi copula functions as a class of its own and does not share the properties of full lexical verbs in the language, nor does it take on the role of an auxiliary verb. Unlike these other word classes, the copula does not form a part of verb phrases, and where it is present alongside a full verb construction it generally makes a semantic distinction related to the notion of existence, rather than predicating for the act of being. For this reason, it can be said that the Punjabi copula is not wholly verbal in function.

Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Number !!colspan="3"\| Singular !! colspan="3"\| Plural
Pronoun	mẽ	tū̃	ḗ/ṓ	asī̃	tusī̃	ḗ/ṓ
rowspan="1"\|Present-tense copula \|{{tooltip\|2=am\|hā̃}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=are\|hẽ}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=is\|he}} \|{{tooltip\|2=are\|hā̃}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=are\|hō}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=are\|han}}
Past-tense copula \|{{tooltip\|2=am\|sā̃}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=are, is\|sẽ}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=are\|sī}} \|{{tooltip\|2=are\|sā̃}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=are\|sō}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=are\|san}}
Subjunctive copula \|hōvā̃\|\|hōvẽ\|\|hōvē\|\|hōvā̃\|\|hōvō\|\|hōṇ

Two infrequent inflected forms of the present-tense copula he are haō (plural second person),{{cite web |title=Let's Learn Punjabi: Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology, Punjabi University, Patiala |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/Verb.html |website=learnpunjabi.org |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |access-date=10 June 2019}} distinguishing the standard hō for T-V distinction usage, and heṇ (plural third person). In addition, two past tense copulas, hesī and hesaṇ are used respectively with singular and plural forms of third persons. These forms, like the uninflected forms he and sī, can be used with both the genders.
In the spoken language, the past tense copula sī can remain completely uninflected, and remain applicable for all three persons and both numbers. Some less frequently used forms of sī are saō, sāō, and sau, used as 2nd-person plural copulas, distinguishing the standard sō for T-V distinction usage.

Some non-standard major dialects such as Doabi decline the past-tense and present-tense copulas more along number and gender than for number and person:

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Gender !! colspan="4"\| Masculine !! colspan="3"\| Feminine
Number	colspan="2"\| Singular	colspan="2"\| Plural	colspan="2"\| Singular	Plural
Present-tense copula \| colspan="2"\|{{tooltip\|2=are, is\|hegā}}\|\| colspan="2"\| {{tooltip\|2=are\|hegē}} \| colspan="2"\| {{tooltip\|2=are\|hegī}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=are\|hegīā̃}}
Past-tense copula \| colspan="2"\|{{tooltip\|2=are, is\|sīgā}}\|\| colspan="2"\| {{tooltip\|2=are\|sīgē}} \| colspan="2"\| {{tooltip\|2=are\|sīgī}}\|\|{{tooltip\|2=are\|sīgīā̃}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! Gender !! colspan="4"| Masculine !! colspan="3"| Feminine

Number

colspan="2"| Singular

colspan="2"| Plural

colspan="2"| Singular

Plural

Present-tense copula

| colspan="2"|{{tooltip|2=are, is|hegā}}|| colspan="2"| {{tooltip|2=are|hegē}}

| colspan="2"| {{tooltip|2=are|hegī}}||{{tooltip|2=are|hegīā̃}}

Past-tense copula

| colspan="2"|{{tooltip|2=are, is|sīgā}}|| colspan="2"| {{tooltip|2=are|sīgē}}

| colspan="2"| {{tooltip|2=are|sīgī}}||{{tooltip|2=are|sīgīā̃}}

===Conjugations===

class="wikitable" \|+ Personal Forms of "hoṇā (to be)"
rowspan="3" \|mood ! rowspan="3", colspan="1" \|tense ! colspan="6" \|singular ! colspan="6" \|plural
colspan="2" rowspan="1" \|1P – mẽ ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" \|2P – tū̃ ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" \|3P – eh, oh ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" \|1P – asī̃ ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" \|2P – tusī̃ ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" \|3P – eh, oh
{{abbr\|m.\|masculine}} !{{abbr\|f.\|feminine}} !{{abbr\|m.\|masculine}} !{{abbr\|f.\|feminine}} !{{abbr\|m.\|masculine}} !{{abbr\|f.\|feminine}} !{{abbr\|m.\|masculine}} !{{abbr\|f.\|feminine}} !{{abbr\|m.\|masculine}} !{{abbr\|f.\|feminine}} !{{abbr\|m.\|masculine}} !{{abbr\|f.\|feminine}}
rowspan="4" \| indicative ! colspan="1" \|present \| colspan="2" \|hā̃ \| colspan="2" \|hẽ \| colspan="2" \|he \| colspan="2" \|hā̃ \| colspan="2" \|hō \| colspan="2" \|han
colspan="1" \|imperfect \| colspan="2" \|sā̃ \| colspan="2" \|sẽ \| colspan="2" \|sī \| colspan="2" \|sā̃ \| colspan="2" \|sō \| colspan="2" \|san
rowspan="1" \|perfect \| colspan="1" \|hōyā \| colspan="1" \|hōī \| colspan="1" \|hōyā \| colspan="1" \|hōī \| colspan="1" \|hōyā \| colspan="1" \|hōī \| colspan="1" \|hōē \| colspan="1" \|hōiyā̃ \| colspan="1" \|hōē \| colspan="1" \|hōiyā̃ \| colspan="1" \|hōē \| colspan="1" \|hōiyā̃
rowspan="1" \|future \|hōvā̃gā \|hōvā̃gī \|hōvē̃gā \|hōvē̃gī \|hōvēgā \|hōvēgī \|hōvā̃gē \|hōvā̃giyā̃ \|hōvōgē \|hōvōgiyā̃ \|hōwṇgē \|hōwṇgiyā̃
presumptive ! all \|{{?}} \|{{?}} \|{{?}} \|{{?}} \|{{?}} \|{{?}} \|{{?}} \|{{?}} \|{{?}} \|{{?}} \|{{?}} \|{{?}}
rowspan="2" \| subjunctive ! present \| colspan="2" \|{{?}} \| colspan="2" \|{{?}} \| colspan="2" \|{{?}} \| colspan="2" \|{{?}} \| colspan="2" \|{{?}} \| colspan="2" \|{{?}}
future \| colspan="2" \|hōvā̃ \| colspan="2" \|hōvē̃ \| colspan="2" \|hōvē \| colspan="2" \|hōviye \| colspan="2" \|hōvō \| colspan="2" \|hōwṇ
contrafactual ! past \|hōndā \|hōndī \|hōndō̃ \|hōndiyō̃ \|hōndā \|hōndī \|hōndē \|hōndīā̃ \|hōndē \|hōndīā̃ \|hōndē \|hōndīā̃
rowspan="2" \| imperative ! present \| colspan="2" \|— \| colspan="2" \|hō \| colspan="2" \|— \| colspan="2" \|— \| colspan="2" \|hōō \| colspan="2" \|—
future \| colspan="2" \|— \| colspan="2" \|hōī̃ \| colspan="2" \|— \| colspan="2" \|— \| colspan="2" \|hōyō \| colspan="2" \|—

class="wikitable"

|+ Personal Forms of "hoṇā (to be)"

rowspan="3" |mood

! rowspan="3", colspan="1" |tense

! colspan="6" |singular

! colspan="6" |plural

colspan="2" rowspan="1" |1P – mẽ

! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |2P – tū̃

! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |3P – eh, oh

! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |1P – asī̃

! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |2P – tusī̃

! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |3P – eh, oh

!{{abbr|f.|feminine}}

!{{abbr|m.|masculine}}

!{{abbr|f.|feminine}}

!{{abbr|m.|masculine}}

!{{abbr|f.|feminine}}

!{{abbr|m.|masculine}}

!{{abbr|f.|feminine}}

!{{abbr|m.|masculine}}

!{{abbr|f.|feminine}}

!{{abbr|m.|masculine}}

!{{abbr|f.|feminine}}

rowspan="4" | indicative

! colspan="1" |present

| colspan="2" |hā̃

| colspan="2" |hẽ

| colspan="2" |he

| colspan="2" |hā̃

| colspan="2" |hō

| colspan="2" |han

colspan="1" |imperfect

| colspan="2" |sā̃

| colspan="2" |sẽ

| colspan="2" |sī

| colspan="2" |sā̃

| colspan="2" |sō

| colspan="2" |san

rowspan="1" |perfect

| colspan="1" |hōyā

| colspan="1" |hōī

| colspan="1" |hōyā

| colspan="1" |hōī

| colspan="1" |hōyā

| colspan="1" |hōī

| colspan="1" |hōē

| colspan="1" |hōiyā̃

| colspan="1" |hōē

| colspan="1" |hōiyā̃

| colspan="1" |hōē

| colspan="1" |hōiyā̃

rowspan="1" |future

|hōvā̃gā

|hōvā̃gī

|hōvē̃gā

|hōvē̃gī

|hōvēgā

|hōvēgī

|hōvā̃gē

|hōvā̃giyā̃

|hōvōgē

|hōvōgiyā̃

|hōwṇgē

|hōwṇgiyā̃

presumptive

! all

|{{?}}

rowspan="2" | subjunctive

! present

| colspan="2" |{{?}}

future

| colspan="2" |hōvā̃

| colspan="2" |hōvē̃

| colspan="2" |hōvē

| colspan="2" |hōviye

| colspan="2" |hōvō

| colspan="2" |hōwṇ

contrafactual

! past

|hōndā

|hōndī

|hōndō̃

|hōndiyō̃

|hōndā

|hōndī

|hōndē

|hōndīā̃

|hōndē

|hōndīā̃

|hōndē

|hōndīā̃

rowspan="2" | imperative

! present

| colspan="2" |—

| colspan="2" |hō

| colspan="2" |—

| colspan="2" |hōō

| colspan="2" |—

future

| colspan="2" |—

| colspan="2" |hōī̃

| colspan="2" |—

| colspan="2" |hōyō

| colspan="2" |—

==Forms==

The sample verb is intransitive naccṇā "to dance", and the sample inflection is 3rd. masc. sing. (PN = e, GN = ā) where applicable.

border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="1"
	Non-aspectual	Aspectual
Non-finite \| {\|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" !Root \|\|\|\|{{tooltip\|2=dance\|nacc*}}
Dir. Infinitive/ Gerund/ Obligatory \|\|-ṇ-ā\|\|{{tooltip\|2=to dance / dancing\|naccṇā*}}
Obl. Infinitive \|\|-(a)ṇ\|\|naccaṇ*
Abl. Infinitive \|\|-ṇ-ȭ\|\|naccṇȭ*
Conjunctive \|\|*-kē\|\|{{tooltip\|2=having danced\|nacckē}}
Agentive/ Prospective \|\|-(a)ṇ-hār(ā), -(a)ṇ-vāḷ-GN\|\|{{tooltip\|2=dancer / about to dance\|naccaṇhār(ā), naccaṇvāḷā}}

border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="1"

Non-aspectual

Aspectual

Non-finite

{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"

!Root

||*||{{tooltip|2=dance|nacc}}

Dir. Infinitive/
Gerund/
Obligatory

||*-ṇ-ā||{{tooltip|2=to dance / dancing|naccṇā}}

Obl. Infinitive

||*-(a)ṇ||naccaṇ

Abl. Infinitive

||*-ṇ-ȭ||naccṇȭ

Conjunctive

||*-kē||{{tooltip|2=having danced|nacckē}}

Agentive/
Prospective

||*-(a)ṇ-hār(ā), *-(a)ṇ-vāḷ-GN||{{tooltip|2=dancer / about to dance|naccaṇhār(ā), naccaṇvāḷā}}

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" \|+Adjectivals. !Perfective	-GN hō-*GN	nacciā hōiā
Imperfective \|\|-d-GN hō-GN\|\|{{tooltip\|2=dancing\|naccdā hōiā*}}

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"

|+Adjectivals.

!Perfective

*-GN hō-GN

nacciā hōiā

Imperfective

||*-d-GN hō-GN||{{tooltip|2=dancing|naccdā hōiā}}

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" \|+Adverbial. Obl. of adjectival.
Imperfective \|\|*-d-ē, -d-iā̃\|\|naccdē, naccdiā̃

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"

|+Adverbial. Obl. of adjectival.

Imperfective

||*-d-ē, -d-iā̃||naccdē, naccdiā̃

!Finite

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
Contingent Future \|\|-PN\|\|naccē*
Definite Future \|\|-PN-g-GN\|\|{{tooltip\|2=will dance\|naccēgā*}}

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"

Contingent Future

||*-PN||naccē

Definite Future

||*-PN-g-GN||{{tooltip|2=will dance|naccēgā}}

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" \|+Imperatives.{{Harvcoltxt\|Shackle\|2003\|pp=607–608}}
	Sing.	Pl.
Present \|nacc\|\|naccō
Aorist \|naccī̃\|\|nacciō

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"

|+Imperatives.{{Harvcoltxt|Shackle|2003|pp=607–608}}

Sing.

Pl.

Present

|nacc||naccō

Aorist

|naccī̃||nacciō

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" \|+Aspectuals plotted against copulas. ! colspan="2" rowspan="2"\| !! Perfective !! Habitual !! Continuous
-(i)-GN \|-d-GN \|* ráí-GN
Present \|h-? \|{{tooltip\|2=has danced\|nacciā he}} \|{{tooltip\|2=dances\|naccdā he}} \|{{tooltip\|2=is dancing\|nacc ríā he / naccdā piā he}}
Past \|s-? \|{{tooltip\|2=had danced\|nacciā sī}} \|{{tooltip\|2=danced\|naccdā sī}} \|{{tooltip\|2=was dancing\|nacc ríā sī / naccdā piā sī}}
Subjunctive \|ho-v-PN \|nacciā hōvē \|naccdā hōvē \|
Presumptive \|{{tooltip\|2=must be\|ho-v-PN-g-GN}} \|{{tooltip\|2=must have danced\|nacciā hōvēgā}} \|{{tooltip\|2=must dance\|naccdā hōvēgā}} \|
Contrafactual \|hun-d-GN \|{{tooltip\|2=(if ...) had danced / (then ...) would have danced\|nacciā hundā}} \|{{tooltip\|2=(if ...) had danced / (then ...) would have danced\|naccdā hundā}} \|
Unspecified \| \|{{tooltip\|2=danced\|nacciā}} \|naccdā \|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"

|+Aspectuals plotted against copulas.

! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| !! Perfective !! Habitual !! Continuous

*-(i)-GN

|*-d-GN

|* ráí-GN

Present

|h-?

|{{tooltip|2=has danced|nacciā he}}

|{{tooltip|2=dances|naccdā he}}

|{{tooltip|2=is dancing|nacc ríā he / naccdā piā he}}

Past

|s-?

|{{tooltip|2=had danced|nacciā sī}}

|{{tooltip|2=danced|naccdā sī}}

|{{tooltip|2=was dancing|nacc ríā sī / naccdā piā sī}}

Subjunctive

|ho-v-PN

|nacciā hōvē

|naccdā hōvē

Presumptive

|{{tooltip|2=must be|ho-v-PN-g-GN}}

|{{tooltip|2=must have danced|nacciā hōvēgā}}

|{{tooltip|2=must dance|naccdā hōvēgā}}

Contrafactual

|hun-d-GN

|{{tooltip|2=(if ...) had danced / (then ...) would have danced|nacciā hundā}}

|{{tooltip|2=(if ...) had danced / (then ...) would have danced|naccdā hundā}}

Unspecified

|{{tooltip|2=danced|nacciā}}

|naccdā

==Light verbs==

Similarly to Hindustani, Punjabi appends "light" or auxiliary verbs onto other verbs to nuance their meaning.

class="wikitable"

!Light Verb

!Explanation

!Main Verb

!Examples

jāṇā "to go"

|Shows a sense of completeness of the action, finality,

or change of state.

|1. āoṇā "to come"

2. khāṇā "to eat"

3. marṇā "to die"

4. pīṇā "to drink"

5. bahiṇā "to sit"

6. hoṇā "to happen"

|1. ā jāṇā "to arrive" "to come over"

2. khā jāṇā "to eat up (all/everything/completely)"

3. mar jāṇā "to be dead"

4. pī jāṇā "to drink up (all/everything/completely)" "to gulp"

5. bahi jāṇā "to sit down"

6. ho jāṇā "to happen (completely)"

laiṇā "to take"

(dialectal: ghinṇā)

|Suggests that the (usually planned/expected) action is completed and the benefit of the action flows towards the doer. This auxiliary verb can also be used to soften down the tone of imperatives (commands) and usually is used to give suggestions. Nuance of planned/expected action is not present.

|1. vekhṇā "to see" "to look"

2. karṇā

3. mārṇā "to hit" "to kill"

|1. vekh laiṇā "to take a look"

2. kar laiṇā "to do (something fully for oneself)" "to have finished doing something"

3. mār laiṇā "to (try to) kill (oneself)"

deṇā "to give"

|Suggests that the (usually planned/expected) action was completed and the benefit of the action flows away from the doer. This auxiliary verb can also be used to soften down the tone of imperatives (commands) and usually is used to ask for favours. Nuance of planned/expected action is not present.

|1. paṛhṇā

2. mārṇā

3. karṇā

|1. {{IAST|paṛh denā}} "to read (for someone)" "to read out"

2. mār deṇā "to kill", "to kill off", "to murder"

3. kār deṇā "to do (something completely for someone else and not oneself)"

āoṇā "to come"

|The meaning conveyed is the doer went somewhere to do something

and came back after completing the action. This can also mean "to know how to" in the indefinite/habitual present tense – to know how to do: karnā ānā

|1. karṇā

|1. kar āoṇā "to finish (and come back)", "to do (and return)";

Notes

References

Bhatia, Tej K. (1993). Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar. London: Routledge.

=Works cited=

{{Citation

|last=Masica

|first=Colin

|author-link=Colin Masica

|year=1991

|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages

|place= Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-521-29944-2

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indo-aryan+languages

}}.

{{Citation

|last=Shackle

|first=Christopher

|year=2003

|chapter=Panjabi

|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&dq=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA581

|editor1-last= Cardona

|editor1-first= George

|editor2-last= Jain

|editor2-first= Dhanesh

|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages

|publisher=Routledge

|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5

|pages=581–621

}}.