Push and pull factors in migration
{{Short description|Concept in demographics}}
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Push and pull factors in migration according to Everett S. Lee (1917-2007) are categories that demographers use to analyze human migration from former areas to new host locations. Lee's model divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors: push and pull. Push factors are things that are unfavourable about the home area that one lives in, and pull factors are things that attract one to another host area.{{cite journal |jstor=2060063 |title=A Theory of Migration |journal=Demography |first=Everett S. |last=Lee |year=1966 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=47–57 |doi=10.2307/2060063 |s2cid=46976641 |doi-access=free}}Guido Dorigo, and Waldo Tobler, "Push-pull migration laws." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73.1 (1983): 1-17 [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=9fc54ac2a2b06286b10ebf873e6a227b4bf43953 online]
Factors
= Push =
{{Div col|small=yes}}
- poverty
- Political fear of persecution
- Poor medical care
- Loss of wealth
- Natural disasters
- Death threats
- Desire for more political or religious freedom
- Pollution
- Poor housing
- Bullying
- Discrimination
- Contamination
- War
- Sickness
{{Div col end}}
= Pull =
{{Div col|small=yes}}
- Job opportunities
- Higher benefits
- Better living conditions
- Having more political or religious freedom
- Enjoyment
- Education
- Better medical care
- Attractive climates
- Security
- Family links
- Better areas for children
{{Div col end}}
Criticism
Sociology professor Hein de Haas has criticized the push-pull model for its inability to explain real world migration patterns.{{Cite journal |last=de Haas |first=Hein |date=2021-02-24 |title=A theory of migration: the aspirations-capabilities framework |journal=Comparative Migration Studies |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=8 |doi=10.1186/s40878-020-00210-4 |doi-access=free |issn=2214-594X |pmc=7902564 |pmid=33680858}}
See also
Notes
Further reading
- Azunre, Gideon Abagna, Richard Azerigyik, and Pearl Puwurayire. "Deciphering the drivers of informal urbanization by Ghana's urban poor through the lens of the push-pull theory." InPlaning Forum Vol. 18. (2021). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gideon-Azunre/publication/354326262_Deciphering_the_Drivers_of_Informal_Urbanization_by_Ghana's_Urban_Poor_Through_the_Lens_of_the_Push-Pull_Theory/links/6131616338818c2eaf7a4599/Deciphering-the-Drivers-of-Informal-Urbanization-by-Ghanas-Urban-Poor-Through-the-Lens-of-the-Push-Pull-Theory.pdf online]
- Dorigo, Guido, and Waldo Tobler. "Push-pull migration laws." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73.1 (1983): 1-17 [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=9fc54ac2a2b06286b10ebf873e6a227b4bf43953 online]
- Hoffmann, Ellen M., et al. "Is the push-pull paradigm useful to explain rural-urban migration? A case study in Uttarakhand, India." PloS one 14.4 (2019): e0214511. [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0214511 online]
- Khalid, Bilal, and Mariusz Urbański. "Approaches to understanding migration: a mult-country analysis of the push and pull migration trend." Economics & Sociology 14.4 (2021): 242–267. DOI:10.14254/2071-789X.2021/14-4/14
- {{cite journal |jstor=2060063 |title=A Theory of Migration |journal=Demography |first=Everett S. |last=Lee |year=1966 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=47–57 |doi=10.2307/2060063 |s2cid=46976641 |doi-access=free}}
- Yaro, Joseph A. "Development as push and pull factor in migration." Migration & Entwicklung (2008): 16+ [https://heimatkunde.boell.de/de/2008/12/01/development-push-and-pull-factor-migration online].