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Pyrena

{{Short description|Pit or stone within a drupe or fruit}}

File:Drupe fruit diagram.svg, illustrating the layers of both the fruit and the seed; the pyrene is the hardened endocarp which encloses the seed]]

{{about|fruitstones|the organelle within the chloroplast of some algae and hornworts|pyrenoid|other uses of "pyrene"|Pyrene (disambiguation)}}

{{Distinguish|Pirene (disambiguation){{!}}Pirene}}

A pyrena ({{IPAc-en|p|aɪ|ˈ|r|iː|n|ə}}) or pyrene, commonly called a pit or stone, is the fruitstone within a drupe or drupelet produced by the ossification of the endocarp or lining of the fruit.{{sfnp|Eckel|2011}} It consists of a hard endocarp tissue surrounding one or more seeds (also called the "kernel").{{sfnp|Beentje|Williamson|2010}}{{sfnp|Hickey|King|2001}} The hardened endocarp which constitutes the pyrene provides a protective physical barrier around the seed, shielding it from pathogens and herbivory.{{sfnp|Dardick|Callahan|2014}}

While many drupes are monopyrenous, containing only one pyrene, pome-type fruit with a hard, stony (rather than leathery) endocarp are typically polypyrenous drupes, containing multiple pyrenes.{{sfnp|Potter|Eriksson|Evans|Oh|2007}}

Development

The hardening of the endocarp of a developing drupe occurs via secondary cell wall formation and lignification.{{sfnp|Dardick|Callahan|2014}} The biopolymer lignin, also found in wood, provides a structure within secondary cell walls which supports the polymerisation of cellulose and hemicellulose; together these polymers provide the endocarp with tensile strength and stiffness.{{sfnp|Dardick|Callahan|2014}} Further hardening occurs during the biomineralisation of the endocarp. The biomineralisation of pyrenes during the life of the plant can aid the preservation of fruit remains in archaeological findings.{{sfnp|Allué|Cáceres|Expósito|Canals|2015}}{{sfnp|Messager|Badou|Fröhlich|Deniaux|2010}}

Gallery

{{gallery

|File:Autumn Red peaches.jpg|Cross-section of a peach, a monopyrenous drupe, cut to reveal the pyrene inside

|File:Prunus persica pit.jpg|Pyrene of a peach dissected to reveal a single seed inside

|File:Crataeguspunctata.jpg|Pyrenes extracted from a single fruit of Crataegus punctata, a polypyrenous drupe

|File:X-Ray of 10 Mukhi Rudraksha.png|X-ray of a pyrene of Elaeocarpus ganitrus revealing 10 seed-bearing locules inside; the number of locules in E. ganitrus pyrenes is variable between individual fruits

}}

See also

References

{{reflist|20em}}

Bibliography

{{refbegin}}

  • {{cite journal |last1=Allué |first1=Ethel |last2=Cáceres |first2=Isabel |last3=Expósito |first3=Isabel |last4=Canals |first4=Antoni |last5=Rodríguez |first5=Anna |last6=Rosell |first6=Jordi |last7=Bermúdez de Castro |first7=José María |last8=Carbonell |first8=Eudald |title=Celtis remains from the Lower Pleistocene of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |year=2015 |volume=53 |pages=570–577 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.016|bibcode=2015JArSc..53..570A }}
  • {{cite book |last1=Beentje |first1=H. |last2=Williamson |first2=J. |year=2010 |title=The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms |publisher=Kew Publishing |location=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Dardick |first1=Chris |last2=Callahan |first2=Ann M. |title=Evolution of the fruit endocarp: molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |year=2014 |volume=5 |pages=284 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2014.00284 |pmid=25009543 |pmc=4070412 |issn=1664-462X|doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite web |last1=Eckel |first1=P.M. |year=2011 |title=A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=stone}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Hickey |first1=M. |last2=King |first2=C. |year=2001 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Messager |first1=Erwan |last2=Badou |first2=Aïcha |last3=Fröhlich |first3=François |last4=Deniaux |first4=Brigitte |last5=Lordkipanidze |first5=David |last6=Voinchet |first6=Pierre |title=Fruit and seed biomineralization and its effect on preservation |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |year=2010 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–34 |doi=10.1007/s12520-010-0024-1|bibcode=2010ArAnS...2...25M |s2cid=128691588 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02949710/file/2010%20graine%20biomin.pdf }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Potter |first1=D. |last2=Eriksson |first2=T. |last3=Evans |first3=R.C. |last4=Oh |first4=S. |last5=Smedmark |first5=J.E.E. |last6=Morgan |first6=D.R. |last7=Kerr |first7=M. |last8=Robertson |first8=K.R. |last9=Arsenault |first9=M. |last10=Dickinson |first10=T.A. |last11=Campbell |first11=C.S. |title=Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |year=2007 |volume=266 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–43 |url=https://rd.springer.com/journal/606/266/1/page/1 |doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9|bibcode=2007PSyEv.266....5P |s2cid=16578516 |url-access=subscription }}

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{{Botany}}

Category:Plant anatomy

Category:Drupes