Pythium

;Hyphae: Pythium species, like others in the family Pythiaceae, are usually characterized by their production of coenocytic hyphae without septations.

;Oogonia: Generally contain a single oospore.

;Antheridia: Contain an elongated and club-shaped antheridium.

File:Pythium (248 24).jpg

Pythium-induced root rot is a common crop disease. When the organism kills newly emerged or emerging seedlings, it is known as damping off, and is a very common problem in fields and greenhouses.{{Cite book |author=Jarvis, W. R. |title=Managing diseases in greenhouse crops |publisher=APS Press |location=Saint Paul, Minnesota |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-89054-122-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/managingdiseases0000jarv }}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}} Thus there is tremendous interest in genetic host resistance, but no crop has ever developed adequate resistance to Pythium.{{cite journal | last1=Sutton | first1=John Clifford | last2=Sopher | first2=Coralie Rachelle | last3=Owen-Going | first3=Tony Nathaniel | last4=Liu | first4=Weizhong | last5=Grodzinski | first5=Bernard | last6=Hall | first6=John Christopher | last7=Benchimol | first7=Ruth Linda | title=Etiology and epidemiology of Pythium root rot in hydroponic crops: current knowledge and perspectives | journal=Summa Phytopathologica | volume=32 | issue=4 | date=1990-01-06 | issn=0100-5405 | doi=10.1590/S0100-54052006000400001 | pages=307–321 | doi-access=free }} This disease complex usually involves other pathogens such as Phytophthora and Rhizoctonia. Pythium wilt is caused by zoospore infection of older plants, leading to biotrophic infections that become necrotrophic in response to colonization/reinfection pressures or environmental stress,{{Cite book|first=Tony Nathaniel |last=Owen-Going |year=2005 |title=Quantitative investigations of phenolic compounds associated with root rot of hydroponic pepper, Capsicum annuum L., caused by Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp |type=PhD thesis |publisher=University of Guelph |isbn=978-0-494-17779-2 |oclc=271429383}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/07060661.2008.10540537|author1=T. N. Owen-Going |author2=C. W. Beninger |author3=J. C. Sutton |author4=J. C. Hall |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |title=Accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants and nutrient solution of hydroponic peppers inoculated with Pythium aphanidermatum |journal=Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology |volume=30 |pages=214–225 |issue=2|s2cid=86573443 }} leading to minor or severe wilting caused by impeded root functioning.{{Cite book|first=Roger |last=Bagnall |year=2007 |title=Control of Pythium wilt and root rot of hydroponically grown lettuce by means of chemical treatment of the nutrient solution |type=MSc thesis |publisher=University of Pretoria |oclc=216915405}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}

Many Pythium species, along with their close relatives Phytophthora, are plant pathogens of economic importance in agriculture. Pythium spp. tend to be very generalistic and unspecific in their large range of hosts,{{Cite book|first=Tony Nathaniel |last=Owen-Going |year=2002 |title=Etiology and epidemiology of Pythium root rot in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in commercial-scale and small-scale hydroponic systems |type=MSc thesis |publisher=University of Guelph |isbn=978-0-612-71820-3 |oclc=55510696}} while Phytophthora spp. are generally more host-specific.

For this reason, Pythium spp. are more devastating in the root rot they cause in crops, because crop rotation alone often does not eradicate the pathogen as Pythium spp. are also good saprotrophs, and survive for a long time on decaying plant matter.

In field crops, damage by Pythium spp. is often limited to the area affected, as the motile zoospores require ample surface water to travel long distances. Additionally, the capillaries formed by soil particles act as a natural filter and effectively trap many zoospores. However, in hydroponic systems inside greenhouses, where extensive monocultures of plants are maintained in plant nutrient solution (containing nitrogen, potassium, phosphate, and micronutrients) that is continuously recirculated to the crop, Pythium spp. cause extensive and devastating root rot and is often difficult to prevent or control. The root rot affects entire operations (tens of thousands of plants, in many instances) within two to four days due to the inherent nature of hydroponic systems where roots are nakedly exposed to the water medium, in which the zoospores can move freely.{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/07060660309507064|author=T. N. Owen-Going, J. C. Sutton & B. Grodzinski |year=2003 |title=Relationships of Pythium isolates and sweet pepper plants in single-plant hydroponic units |journal=Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology |volume=25 |pages=155–167|issue=2|bibcode=2003CaJPP..25..155O |s2cid=85004809 }} Various Pythium populations have been known to have resistance to mefenoxam since the 1980s{{cite journal | last1=Del Castillo Múnera | first1=Johanna | last2=Hausbeck | first2=Mary K. | title=Characterization of Pythium Species Associated With Greenhouse Floriculture Crops in Michigan | journal=Plant Disease | publisher=American Phytopathological Society | volume=100 | issue=3 | year=2016 | issn=0191-2917 | doi=10.1094/pdis-03-15-0296-re | pages=569–576| pmid=30688597 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2016PlDis.100..569D }} and metalaxyl since 1984.{{cite journal | last=Sanders | first=P. L. | title=Failure of Metalaxyl to Control Pythium Blight on Turfgrass in Pennsylvania | journal=Plant Disease | publisher=American Phytopathological Society | volume=68 | issue=1 | year=1984 | issn=0191-2917 | doi=10.1094/pd-68-776 | page=776| bibcode=1984PlDis..68Q.776S }}

Several Pythium species, including P. oligandrum, P. nunn, P. periplocum, and P. acanthicum, are mycoparasites of plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, and have received interest as potential biocontrol agents.

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• Pythium acanthicum
• Pythium acanthophoron
• Pythium acrogynum
• Pythium adhaerens
• Pythium amasculinum
• Pythium anandrum
• Pythium angustatum
• Pythium aphanidermatum
• Pythium apleroticum
• Pythium aquatile
• Pythium aristosporum
• Pythium arrhenomanes
• Pythium attrantheridium
• Pythium bifurcatum
• Pythium boreale
• Pythium buismaniae
• Pythium butleri
• Pythium camurandrum
• Pythium campanulatum
• Pythium canariense
• Pythium capillosum
• Pythium carbonicum
• Pythium carolinianum
• Pythium catenulatum
• Pythium chamaehyphon
• Pythium chondricola
• Pythium citrinum
• Pythium coloratum
• Pythium conidiophorum
• Pythium contiguanum
• Pythium cryptoirregulare
• Pythium cucurbitacearum
• Pythium cylindrosporum
• Pythium cystogenes
• Pythium debaryanum
• Pythium deliense
• Pythium destruens
• Pythium diclinum
• Pythium dimorphum
• Pythium dissimile
• Pythium dissotocum
• Pythium echinulatum
• Pythium emineosum
• Pythium erinaceum
• Pythium flevoense
• Pythium folliculosum
• Pythium glomeratum
• Pythium graminicola
• Pythium grandisporangium
• Pythium guiyangense
• Pythium helicandrum
• Pythium helicoides
• Pythium heterothallicum
• Pythium hydnosporum
• Pythium hypogynum
• Pythium indigoferae
• Pythium inflatum
• Pythium insidiosum
• Pythium intermedium
• Pythium irregulare
• Pythium iwayamae
• Pythium jasmonium
• Pythium kunmingense
• Pythium litorale
• Pythium longandrum
• Pythium longisporangium
• Pythium lutarium
• Pythium macrosporum
• Pythium mamillatum
• Pythium marinum
• Pythium marsipium
• Pythium mastophorum
• Pythium megacarpum
• Pythium middletonii
• Pythium minus
• Pythium monospermum
• Pythium montanum
• Pythium multisporum
• Pythium myriotylum
• Pythium nagaii
• Pythium nodosum
• Pythium nunn
• Pythium oedochilum
• Pythium okanoganense
• Pythium oligandrum
• Pythium oopapillum
• Pythium ornacarpum
• Pythium orthogonon
• Pythium ostracodes
• Pythium pachycaule
• Pythium pachycaule
• Pythium paddicum
• Pythium paroecandrum
• Pythium parvum
• Pythium pectinolyticum
• Pythium periilum
• Pythium periplocum
• Pythium perniciosum
• Pythium perplexum
• Pythium phragmitis
• Pythium pleroticum
• Pythium plurisporium
• Pythium polare
• Pythium polymastum
• Pythium porphyrae
• Pythium prolatum
• Pythium proliferatum
• Pythium pulchrum
• Pythium pyrilobum
• Pythium quercum
• Pythium radiosum
• Pythium ramificatum
• Pythium regulare
• Pythium rhizo-oryzae
• Pythium rhizosaccharum
• Pythium rostratifingens
• Pythium rostratum
• Pythium salpingophorum
• Pythium scleroteichum
• Pythium segnitium
• Pythium spiculum
• Pythium spinosum
• Pythium splendens
• Pythium sterilum
• Pythium stipitatum
• Pythium sulcatum
• Pythium tardicrescens
• Pythium terrestris
• Pythium torulosum
• Pythium tracheiphilum
• Pythium ultimum
• Pythium ultimum var. ultimum
• Pythium uncinulatum
• Pythium undulatum
• Pythium vanterpoolii
• Pythium viniferum
• Pythium violae
• Pythium volutum
• Pythium zingiberis
• Pythium zingiberum

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Globisporangium sylvaticum was formerly placed here as Pythium sylvaticum

• {{Wikispecies-inline|Pythium|Pythium}}
• Pythium in turfgrass
• Black rot on orchids

{{Reflist|2}}

{{Commons category|Pythium}}

• {{Cite journal|author=A. J. van der Plaats-Niterink |year=1981 |title=Monograph of the genus Pythium |journal=Studies in Mycology |volume=21 |pages=1–242}}
• {{Cite journal|author=C. André Lévesque & Arthur W. M. de Cock |year=2004 |title=Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Pythium |journal=Mycological Research |volume=108 |issue=12 |pages=1363–1383 |doi=10.1017/S0953756204001431|pmid=15757173 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2699011}}

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Category:Water mould plant pathogens and diseases

Category:Oomycete genera