QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun#Japanese service

File:HMS DARING (1893) 12-pounder gun.jpg

File:Trawler12pdr12cwtWWII.jpg, World War II}}]]

Mk I and II guns, of "built up" construction of steel layers, served on many Royal Navy destroyers up to and after World War I originally as primary and later as secondary armament against submarines and torpedo boats. They were also fitted as deck guns on D and E-class submarines.

It was estimated that out of the 4,737 Mk I and Mk II guns produced there were still 3,494 on hand for the RN in 1939.Campbell, Naval Weapons of WWII, p.64. Many Mk V guns, which had a "monobloc" barrel made of a single casting, served on smaller escort ships such as destroyers and on armed merchant ships, on dual-purpose high–low angle mountings which also allowed it to be used as an anti-aircraft gun.

{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}

{{clear|left}}

File:NavalBrigadeQF12pdr12cwtGunNatal1900.jpg

The gun was primarily a high-velocity naval gun, with its heavy recoil suiting it to static mountings, hence it was generally considered unsuitable for use as a mobile field gun.Hogg and Thurston 1972, p. 54 An exception was made when the British army were outgunned by the Boer artillery in South Africa and the Royal Navy was called on for help. Among other guns, 16 QF 12-pounder 12 cwt were landed from warships and were mounted on improvised field carriages designed by Captain Percy Scott RN, with solid wooden trails and utilizing small-diameter Cape wagon wheels. Their {{convert|10000|yd|adj=on}} range provided valuable long-range fire support for the army throughout the war. They were known as "long twelves" to distinguish them from the BL 12-pounder 6 cwt and QF 12-pounder 8 cwt which had much shorter barrels and ranges.Hall June 1978

Lieutenant Burne reported that the original electric firing system, while working well under ideal conditions, required support of an armourer and the maintenance and transport of charged batteries in the field, which was generally not possible. He reported switching to percussion tubes for firing and recommended percussion for future field operations.Burne 1902, Chapter IX

Another six guns were diverted from a Japanese battleship being built at Newcastle in January 1900, bought by Lady Meux, and were equipped with proper field carriages by the Elswick Ordnance Company in Newcastle and sent to South Africa. Perhaps uniquely, the guns were refused by the War Office and donated directly to Lord Roberts, the British commander in South Africa and became his personal property. They were known as the "Elswick Battery" and were manned by men from Elswick, recruited by 1st Northumberland Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers). The Elswick guns served throughout the war.Crook June 1969

{{clear|left}}

File:QF12pounder12cwtNewhavenFort1March2008.jpg, UK}}]]

Many guns were mounted on "pedestals" secured to the ground to defend harbours around the UK, and at many ports around the Empire, against possible attack by small fast vessels such as torpedo boats, until the 1950s. There were 103 of these guns (of a total 383 of all types) employed in coast defence around the UK as at April 1918.Farndale 1988, p. 404 Many of these were still in service in World War II although they had by then been superseded by more modern types such as twin QF 6-pounder 10 cwt mounts.

Guns were traversed (moved from side to side) manually by the gunlayer as he stood on the left side with his arm hooked over a shoulder piece as he aimed, while he operated the elevating handwheel with his left hand and grasped the pistol grip with trigger in his right hand.

{{Main|QF 12-pounder 12 cwt AA gun}}

In World War I a number of coast defence guns were modified and mounted on special wheeled traveling carriages to create a marginally effective mobile anti-aircraft gun.

UK shells weighed 12.5 lb (5.67 kg) filled and fuzed.
The cordite propellant charge was normally ignited by an electrically activated primer (in the base of the cartridge case), with power provided by a battery. The electric primer in the cartridge could be replaced by an adaptor which allowed the use of electric or percussion tube to be inserted to provide ignition.

{{Expand section|date=August 2020}}The Italian Cannon 76/40 Model 1916 was a licensed derivative of the QF 12-pounder used in a number of roles during World War I and World War II.

File:Type 41 8 cm naval gun.jpg

The Japanese Type 41 {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}} naval gun was a direct copy of the QF 12-pounder. The first guns were bought from the English firms as "Elswick Pattern N" and "Vickers Mark Z" guns. The gun was officially designated as the Type 41 {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}} naval gun from the 41st year of the reign of Emperor Meiji on 25 December 1908. Thereafter production was in Japan under license. On 5 October 1917 during the third year of the Taishō period, the gun was redesignated as the 8 cm/40 3rd Year Type naval gun as part of the Imperial Japanese Navy's conversion to the metric system. Although classified as an 8 cm gun the bore was unchanged. The gun fired a {{convert|12.5|lb|kg|1|adj=on}} high-explosive shell. It was the standard secondary or tertiary armament on most Japanese warships built between 1890 and 1920, and was still in service as late as the Pacific War.{{cite web

| last = DiGiulian

| first = Tony

| url = http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_3-40_mk1.htm

| title = 3"/40 (7.62 cm) 41st Year Type

| work = NavWeaps.com

}}

The 8 cm/40 3rd Year Type was also widely used as a coastal defense gun and anti-aircraft gun to defend Japanese island bases during World War II. Guns with both English and Japanese markings were found on Kiska, Kolombangara, Saipan, Tarawa, and Tinian. Japanese Artillery Weapons CINPAC-CINPOA Bulletin 152-45 calls the guns "8 cm Coast Defense Gun 13th Year Type (1924)" but it isn't clear how they came up with that designation?{{Cite book|title=Japanese Artillery Weapons|date=1945-07-01|publisher=United States Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas|pages=33|oclc=51837610}}

File:Quick Fire 12 Pounder 3 Inch Gun at Explosion Museum.jpg]]

• A gun of the Elswick Battery that served in the Second Boer War is displayed in the Royal Artillery Museum, London but the museum has closed and re-located to Larkhill, Wiltshire.
• Another Elswick gun is with 203 (Elswick) Battery RA (V){{cite web |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/101regtrav/203_elswick_battery_ra_v_/203_bty_history.htm |title=History |website=www.army.mod.uk |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008211848/http://www.army.mod.uk/101regtrav/203_elswick_battery_ra_v_/203_bty_history.htm |archive-date=8 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}
• Mk V naval gun was at Royal Artillery Museum, London but the museum has closed and re-located to Larkhill, Wiltshire.
• Early coast defence gun at Newhaven Fort, UK
• Coast defence gun at Army Memorial Museum, Waiouru, New Zealand]
• On the battleship Mikasa, Yokosuka, Japan
• The gun of {{HMS|Campbeltown|I42|6}}, recovered around 1972, on display in Saint-Nazaire, France{{cite web | url=https://www.boardgamegeek.com/image/3497609 | title=PunTheHun }}
• 12-pdr on coastal defence pedestal at Pendennis Castle, Falmouth, Cornwall
• The gun of HMS Overdale Wyke of the Ceylon Naval Volunteer Force, now kept in SLNS Ranagalle
• A good example can be seen mounted at Tilbury Fort in Essex. This is an ex-naval type of WW2 vintage.
• A 12-pdr of First World War vintage is mounted on a skeletal high-angle mount at Predannack Anti-Aircraft battery and museum in Cornwall
• At Explosion Museum of Naval Firepower, Gosport, UK

File:The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H190.jpg

File:Fort Siloso QF 12 pounder 12 cwt gun breech view Flickr 4375552548 5e6133b25f o.jpg

File:Siloso12pounder.jpg

File:Fort Siloso - Sentosa Island, Singapore (4374802169).jpg

File:Fort Siloso QF 12 pounder 12 cwt gun Flickr 4375555166 eec49b5f78 o.jpg

File:Fort Siloso - Sentosa Island, Singapore (4375556510).jpg

File:QF12pdr12cwtSouthMoleFremantle1943.jpg

• List of naval guns

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{citation |url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/u?%2Fp4013coll11%2C230 |title=Text Book of Gunnery |date=1902 |location=London |publisher=HMSO, Harrison and Sons |access-date=28 September 2008 |archive-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712182551/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/u?/p4013coll11,230 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite book |last= Brown|first=D. K.|title=Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905|year=2003|publisher=Book Sales|isbn=978-1-84067-529-0}}
• {{cite book |last= Brown|first=D. K.|title=The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922|year=2003|publisher=Caxton Editions|isbn=978-1-84067-531-3}}
• Lieutenant C. R. N. Burne R.N., [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25117 With the Naval Brigade in Natal (1899–1900)]. London: Edward Arnold, 1902
• {{cite book |author-link=Martin Farndale|last=Farndale|first=General Sir Martin|title=History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. The Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base, 1914–18|publisher=Royal Artillery Institution, London|year=1988|isbn=978-1-870114-05-9}}
• {{cite book |editor1-last=Gardiner|editor1-first=Robert|editor2-last=Lambert|editor2-first=Andrew|title=Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship, 1815–1905|series=Conway's History of the Ship|publisher=Book Sales|isbn=978-0-7858-1413-9|year=2001}}
• {{cite book |last= Hodges |first= Peter |title= The Big Gun: Battleship Main Armament, 1860–1945|publisher=United States Naval Institute Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0-87021-917-7}}
• {{cite book |author-link1=Ian V. Hogg|last1= Hogg|first1= I.V. |last2=Thurston |first2=L.F.|title= British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914–1918|publisher=Ian Allan |location=London|year=1972|isbn=978-0-7110-0381-1}}
• {{cite book |last=Parkes|first=Oscar|title=British Battleships|publisher=United States Naval Institute Press|year=1990|orig-year=1957|isbn=978-1-55750-075-5}}
• Admiral Percy Scott, [https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsinroya00scotuoft "Fifty Years in the Royal Navy"] published 1919
• {{cite book|title=Naval Weapons of World War Two |author=Campbell, John |publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1985|isbn=978-0-87021-459-2}}

{{Commons category|QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun}}

• {{cite web

| last = DiGiulian

| first = Tony

| url = http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_3-40_mk1.htm

| title = 12-pdr [3"/40 (7.62 cm)] 12cwt QF Marks I, II and V

| work = NavWeaps.com

}}

• Major D Hall, [http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol043dh.html The South African Military History Society. Military History Journal – Vol 4 No 3 June 1978. THE NAVAL GUNS IN NATAL 1899–1902]
• Major L.A. Crook,[http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol014lc.html The South African Military History Society. Military History Journal – Vol 1 No 4 June 1969. "The Elswick Guns"]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20071008211848/http://www.army.mod.uk/101regtrav/203_elswick_battery_ra_v_/203_bty_history.htm 203 (Elswick) Battery History]

{{VictorianEraBritishNavalWeapons}}

{{GreatWarBritishNavalWeapons}}

{{GreatWarBritishWeapons}}

{{WWIIBritishCommNavalWeapons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun}}

Category:Naval guns of the United Kingdom

Category:Naval anti-aircraft guns

Category:Coastal artillery

Category:76 mm artillery

Category:EOC naval guns

Category:Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom

Category:World War I naval weapons of the United Kingdom

Category:World War II naval weapons of the United Kingdom

Category:Naval guns of Japan

Category:Russo-Japanese war weapons of Japan