Qalamoun Shield Forces

The origins of the Qalamoun Shield Forces lie in a small militia of the same name that was set up in al-Nabek after its capture from rebels during the Battle of Qalamoun (2013). Formed by "notables, retired officers and other locals" on 9 January 2014, this unit was designated as auxiliaries to the Republican Guard and was supposed to secure areas retaken from rebel groups.{{cite web|url=https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/77635 |title=Syria's Troublesome Militias |author=Kheder Khaddour |work=Carnegie |date=5 November 2018 |access-date=18 June 2019 }} A Damascus native named Adel Ibrahim Dellah eventually became commander of the group. In course of 2015, the nascent QSF had significantly grown in numbers (claiming hundreds of members) and expanded its operations: Fighting at the side of the Republican Guard, the militia not only took part in further offensive operations in the western Qalamoun mountains, but also fought in the wider Rif Dimashq Governorate such as at Harasta, where they played a prominent role in retaking territory from insurgent groups.{{cite web|url=https://international-review.org/the-growing-role-of-reconciled-rebels-in-syria/ |title=The Growing Role of Reconciled Rebels in Syria |author=Gregory Waters |work=International Review |date=21 April 2018 |access-date=4 May 2020 }} Later into the year, the Qalamoun Shield Forces even sent fighters to take part in the Battle of Aleppo and the Homs offensive (November–December 2015) against ISIL. During these operations, the group began to closely cooperate with the 3rd Armoured Division, leading to the Qalamoun Shield Forces' loyalties shifting away from the Republican Guard. The Qalamoun Shield Forces also dispatched some troops to fight alongside the Republican Guard in the Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–17). These forces were eventually fully incorporated into the Republican Guard's 104th Brigade.

In the first half of 2016, the militia became especially active in the Syrian steppe and Syrian Desert, fighting in the Palmyra offensive (March 2016),{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-forces-hezbollah-mobilize-largest-desert-offensive-isis/|title=Syrian Forces, Hezbollah mobilize for the largest desert offensive against ISIS|author=Leith Fadel|date=9 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|access-date=27 September 2016|archive-date=1 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001190145/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-forces-hezbollah-mobilize-largest-desert-offensive-isis/|url-status=dead}} the Battle of al-Qaryatayn (March–April 2016) and the Al-Dumayr offensive (April 2016). Around this time, Syrian Army lieutenant colonel Firas Jaz'ah became the "general supervisor" of the militia, though Adel Ibrahim Dellah continued to serve as military commander of QSF.

In May 2016, QSF finally split due to the group's divided loyalties: One faction under the militia's old commander Adel Ibrahim Dellah cut all ties with the 3rd Division and formed a new group, the "'Homeland Protection Forces". The other faction, led by Firas Jaz'ah, remained with the 3rd Division and continued to function under the name "Qalamoun Shield Forces". This group significantly expanded its recruitment efforts in the wider Qalamoun area, and also began to enlist hundreds of former Free Syrian Army (FSA) rebels into its ranks as part of reconciliation agreements. Already by early 2017, some estimated that about 50% or more of QSF consisted of ex-insurgents; others however claimed that the numbers were closer to around 10%.

Thus strengthened despite the Homeland Protection Forces' break-off, the Qalamoun Shield Forces further expanded their operations throughout Syria. In the Syrian Desert, QSF helped to defend the Tiyas Military Airbase from ISIL during the Palmyra offensive (December 2016),{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/reinforcements-arrive-near-palmyra-syrian-army-regroups-counter-offensive-photos/|title=Reinforcements arrive near Palmyra as Syrian Army regroups for counter-offensive (Photos)|first=Chris|last=Tomson|publisher=al-Masdar News|date=12 December 2016|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507085522/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/reinforcements-arrive-near-palmyra-syrian-army-regroups-counter-offensive-photos/|url-status=dead}} and then took part in numerous government (counter-)offensives which aimed at reclaiming all of central Syria from the ISIL and various FSA groups: The Eastern Homs offensive (2017), East Hama offensive (2017), the Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017) and the Central Syria campaign (2017).{{Cite news|url=https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/29583.html |title=ISIS killed at least 179 troops, militants in August |work=Zaman al-Wasl |date=7 September 2017|access-date=10 September 2017}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.qasioun.net/en/news/show/94530/Eastern_Hama_ISIS_Pocket_Shrinking_Under_Regime_Fire |title=Eastern Hama ISIS Pocket Shrinking Under Regime Fire |author=Rami Zien |work=Qasioun News |date=10 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019054530/http://www.qasioun.net/en/news/show/94530/Eastern_Hama_ISIS_Pocket_Shrinking_Under_Regime_Fire |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=dead}} The Qalamoun Shield Forces also helped to stall and/or defeat major rebel offensives in northern Hama Governorate in 2016{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/pro-government-fighters-redeployed-hama-amid-jihadi-advance-pictures/|title=Pro-government fighters redeployed to Hama amid jihadi advance [+pictures]|first=Zen|last=Adra|work=al-Masdar News|date=27 September 2016|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220073032/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/pro-government-fighters-redeployed-hama-amid-jihadi-advance-pictures/|url-status=dead}} and mid-2017,{{cite web|url=http://syria.liveuamap.com/en/2017/14-april-progovernment-militia-qalamoun-shield-near-tayyibat|title=Pro-Government militia Qalamoun Shield near Tayyibat al-Imam frontline yesterday, northern Hama, Syria. |date=14 April 2017|access-date=29 April 2017}} and took part in government operations against rebel and ISIL forces in the Hama-Idlib-Aleppo Governorates border region in late 2017.

Meanwhile, QSF continued to be active in its core regions in southwestern Syria, where it aided the government conquest of the Barada river valley in early 2017,{{Cite news|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-captures-several-sites-wadi-barada/|title=Syrian Army captures several sites in Wadi Barada|last=Fadel|first=Leith|date=4 January 2017|publisher=Al-Masdar News|access-date=5 January 2017|archive-date=18 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018095824/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-captures-several-sites-wadi-barada/|url-status=dead}} and closely cooperated with Hezbollah to destroy the last holdouts of Tahrir al-Sham, the Syrian opposition, and ISIL at the Lebanon–Syria border.{{cite web|url=https://www.qasioun-news.com/en/news/show/84912/Hezbollah_Receives_Casualties_in_Its_Offensive_on_Western_Qalamoun_in_Damascus_countryside |title=Hezbollah Receives Casualties in Its Offensive on Western Qalamoun in Damascus countryside |work=Qasioun News |date=21 July 2017 |access-date=4 May 2020 }} In course of these operations in the Qalamoun Mountains, QSF recruited more ex-rebels into its ranks,{{cite web |url=http://www.aldorars.com/en/news/155 |title=Assad regime recruits locals of reconciliation areas & sends them to death with "Qalamoun Shield" militia |work=El-Dorar Al-Shamia |date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821024202/http://www.aldorars.com/en/news/155 |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=dead |access-date=10 September 2017 }}{{Cite news|url=https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/28069.html |title=After reconciliation, youth of Barzeh district join regime militias |work=Zaman al-Wasl |date=15 July 2017|access-date=10 September 2017}} allegedly promising some of them that they would only have to serve in their own home areas. Despite this, pro-rebel media claimed that QSF later forced several of these ex-rebels (from al-Tall) to fight against ISIL in the eastern desert.{{Cite news|url=https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/28275.html |title=Al-Tal town: youth arrested despite reconciliation deal with regime |work=Zaman al-Wasl |date=22 July 2017|access-date=10 September 2017}} On 30 December 2017, QSF also sent one of its battalions to take part in the Battle of Harasta.{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/pictures-battalion-elite-troops-sent-damascus-help-syrian-army-turn-back-nusra-led-offensive/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230105015/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/pictures-battalion-elite-troops-sent-damascus-help-syrian-army-turn-back-nusra-led-offensive/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |title=Pictures: Battalion of elite troops sent to Damascus to help Syrian Army turn back Nusra-led offensive |author=Andrew Illingworth |work=al-Masdar News |date=30 December 2017 |access-date=1 January 2018}} In course of this battle, one Qalamoun Shield contingent which consisted of ex-rebels reportedly defected back to local insurgents, resulting in a temporary crisis for the government troops.{{cite web|url=https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2018/01/assad-loyalists-accuse-govt-ministries-treason-loss-vehicles-administration/ |title=Assad Loyalists Accuse Govt Ministries of Treason Over Loss of Vehicles Administration |work=Enab Baladi |date=6 January 2018 |access-date=19 June 2019}} As result of this event, QSF commander Firas Jaz'ah was dismissed by the 3rd Division.{{cite web|url=https://nedaa-sy.com/en/news/3654 |title=Syrian regime arrests one of the most prominent leaders of its militias because of Harasta |work=Nedaa |date=11 January 2018 |access-date=4 May 2020 }}

From 2018, the Syrian government increasingly attempted to demobilize loyalist militias, fully integrate them into the regular armed forces, or reduce their quasi-autonomous powers in other ways. The Qalamoun Shield Forces were among the units affected by this development. In August 2018, the Political Security Directorate reportedly removed the militia's armed presence from al-Tall, suspended its local commander Nasir Shamu, and sent its fighters to Deir ez-Zor, where they would fight ISIL. QSF garrisons in other villages of the Qalamoun Mountains were allegedly sent to al-Qutayfah, where they were integrated into the 3rd Division.{{cite web|url=https://smartnews-agency.com/en/wires/318219/syrian-governments-political-security-branch-seizes-altal-city-in-rif |title=Syrian government's political security branch seizes al-Tal city in Rif Dimashq |editor=Mohammad Alhaj |work=Smart News |date=19 August 2018 |access-date=18 June 2019}}{{cite web|url=http://nedaa-sy.com/en/news/8321 |title=Infightings between the Syrian regime and affiliate militias, and military entity collapses |work=Nedaa |date=9 September 2018 |access-date=18 June 2019}} By fall 2018, the Syrian government fully dissolved the group, along with the Ba'ath Brigades and other pro-government paramilitary formations. The majority of its members entered into service with the regular 3rd Armoured Division.{{Cite web|url=https://syrianobserver.com/EN/features/49024/russia-curbs-maher-al-assads-influence.html|title=Russia Curbs Maher al-Assad's Influence|date=2019-03-08|website=The Syrian Observer|access-date=2019-08-31}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/2018/6/10/النظام-السوري-يواصل-حل-المليشيات-وإزالة-الحواجز-العسكرية|title=النظام السوري يواصل حل المليشيات وإزالة الحواجز العسكرية|last=علي|first=عدنان|website=alaraby|language=ar|access-date=2019-08-31}}{{Cite web|url=https://smartnews-agency.com/en/wires/318219/syrian-governments-political-security-branch-seizes-altal-city-in-rif|title=Syrian government's political security branch seizes al-Tal city in Rif Dimashq|website=smartnews-agency.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-31}}{{Cite web|url=http://nedaa-sy.com/en/news/8321|title=Infightings between the Syrian regime and affiliate militias, and military entity collapses|date=2018-09-09|website=Call Syria|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-08-31}} Despite this, the QSF maintained at least some cohesion as separate unit within the 3rd Division.{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/hundreds-of-residents-of-eastern-qalamoun-join-syrian-army-ranks/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201013334/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/hundreds-of-residents-of-eastern-qalamoun-join-syrian-army-ranks/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 1, 2018 |title=Hundreds of residents of eastern Qalamoun join Syrian Army ranks |work=al-Masdar News |date=30 November 2018 |access-date=4 May 2020}}

The Qalamoun Shield Forces were led by Firas Jaz'ah, a lieutenant colonel who is closely affiliated with the 3rd Division, and were organized into several sub-units according to their places of origin. Accordingly, the group maintains numerous bases in the region, most notably at al-Nabek and Yabroud. Though most of the militia's fighters were from the wider Qalamoun region, they were known to also have members from Damascus and the Golan Heights. In their core areas, QSF sometimes acts as police force, and also maintains posts along the border with Lebanon, most notably at Flitah.

Though QSF was most closely connected to the 3rd Division, it never completely separated from the Republican Guard and also maintains links with the Air Force Intelligence and the Military Intelligence Directorates, as well as the Lebanese Hezbollah. The Military Intelligence Directorate and businessman George Haswani provided funding to the group.{{cite web|url=https://syrianobserver.com/EN/news/57724/assads-businessmen-the-campaign-targeting-the-companies-and-businessmen-assads-regime-depends-on.html |title='Assad's Businessmen': The Campaign Targeting the Companies and Businessmen Assad's Regime Depends On |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |work=AL-MOHARRER, Syrian Observer |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=4 May 2020 }} The Russian International Affairs Council claimed in 2017 that QSF had joined the Syrian Army's Fifth Corps. Other sources did not mention this, and it remains unclear whether the militia was actually part of the Fifth Corps at any point.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/can-assads-demobilization-demilitarization-and-rehabilitation-strategy-actu |title= Can Assad's Demobilization, Demilitarization, and Rehabilitation Strategy Actually Consolidate Syria's Paramilitary Forces? |author=Mona Alami |work=Washington Institute |date=6 March 2019 |access-date=18 June 2019}}

The Qalamoun Shield Forces were relatively well equipped, using technicals, 9M113 Konkurs anti-tank missile, and Syrian "Bourkan" (Vulcano) rockets. In early 2017, all fighters of QSF were trained and equipped by the Russian Armed Forces. In regard to its combat capabilities, the QSF has been characterized by pro-government media both as auxiliary force for the regular army and as rapid reaction force.{{cite web|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2016/11/30/assad-regime-militias-and-shiite-jihadis-in-the-syrian-civil-war/ |title=Assad Regime Militias and Shi'ite Jihadis in the Syrian Civil War |author1= Vincent Beshara |author2= Cody Roche |work=bellingcat |date=20 November 2016 |access-date=4 May 2020 }}{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/pictures-russian-special-forces-train-syrian-army-recruits-battles-isis/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301005616/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/pictures-russian-special-forces-train-syrian-army-recruits-battles-isis/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 1, 2017 |title=In pictures: Russian special forces train Syrian Army recruits for battles with ISIS |author= Chris Tomson |work=bellingcat |date=8 February 2017 |access-date=4 May 2020 }}

• List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
• Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War

{{notelist}}

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{{Syrian Civil War}}

Category:Anti-ISIL factions in Syria

Category:Pro-Assad factions of the Syrian civil war

Category:Military units and formations established in 2014

Category:2014 establishments in Syria

Category:Military units and formations established in 2016

Category:2016 establishments in Syria