Quercus wislizeni
{{Short description|Species of oak tree}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Interior live oak
| image = Interior live oak twig with acorn.JPG
| image_caption = Smooth leaves and acorn. The leaf margins are often spiny.
| image2 = Quercus wislizeni trunks.jpg
| image2_caption = Typical growth habit
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Quercus
| display_parents = 2
| parent = Quercus sect. Lobatae
| species = wislizeni
| authority = A.DC. {{refn|name=ipni1|1={{cite web |url=http://www.ipni.org:80/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=296923-1|title=Quercus wislizeni A.DC.|work=IPNI|access-date=August 29, 2010}} "Description of Q. wislizeni was published in Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis ... (DC.) 16(2.1): 67 (1864)."}}{{Tropicos|13100161|Quercus wislizeni|A.DC. | access-date=August 9, 2010}}
| range_map = Quercus wislizeni range map 1.png
| range_map_caption = Combined ranges of Quercus wislizeni and Quercus parvula
| synonyms = * Quercus wislizenii A.DC.
}}
Quercus wislizeni, known by the common name interior live oak, is an evergreen oak, highly variable and often shrubby, found in western North America.
Description
It is a large shrub or tree{{sfn|Flora of North America}} growing to {{convert|22|m|ft|abbr=off}} tall, although where it is common in the low-elevation Sierra Nevada foothills it seldom exceeds {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}}. The dark-green leaves—appearing grayish from a distance—are usually small, {{convert|2-7|cm|frac=2|abbr=off}} long,{{Cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLbAAwAAQBAJ |title=Trees & Shrubs of the Pacific Northwest |last2=Kuhlmann |first2=Ellen |date=2014 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-1-60469-263-1 |edition=1st |location=Portland, OR |pages=198}} thick, and often spiny-toothed at higher elevations, particularly on young trees. The male flowers are on catkins, the female flowers in groups of 2–4 in leaf axils. The acorns are {{convert|1|–|2|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} long, and mature the second season (about 18 months) after flowering.{{sfn|Flora of North America}}
Specimens can live for up to 200 years.
{{gallery|mode=packed
|Quercus wislizeni kz4.jpg|Spiny-toothed leaves
}}
Taxonomy
Although originally published by Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle as "wislizeni", some sources{{sfn|Flora of North America}} mistakenly spelled the specific epithet "wislizenii". Correct spelling is with one "I", per ICN article 60C.2.J. McMeill et al. (eds). 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Regnum Vegetabile 154. Koeltz Scientific Books. {{ISBN|978-3-87429-425-6}} Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus's specimen was thought by de Candolle to have been collected in Chihuahua, Mexico. German-born American botanist Georg Engelmann later corrected the location to the American fork of the Sacramento River near Auburn, California.
California physician and botanist (and one of the founding fathers of the California Academy of Sciences) Albert Kellogg described an oak in an 1855 publication as Quercus arcoglandis (spur acorn oak),Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. 1(1):25 (1855) apparently the same species as Q. wislizeni. This clearly predates French-Swiss botanist de Candolle's 1864 name, and if confirmed to be this same taxon would have priority.
Currently there are two recognized varieties of interior live oak:{{sfn|Jepson eFlora: Quercus wislizeni}}
- Q. wislizeni A. DC. var. wislizeni (1864)
- Q. wislizeni A. DC. var. frutescens Engelm (1878).Engelm., Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 3:396 (1878). This is an invalid taxon. Engelmann's Q. wislizeni var. frutescens description is virtually identical to de Candolle's Q. wislizeni, while Engelmann's Q. wislizeni description most closely matches Kellogg's Q. morehus.{{cite journal|author=Duncan A. Hauser|author2=Al Keuter|author3=John D. McVay|author4=Andrew L. Hipp|author5=Paul S. Manos|title=The evolution and diversification of the red oaks of the California Floristic Province (Quercus section Lobatae, series Agrifoliae)|journal=Am. J. Bot. |date=October 2017 |volume=104|issue=10|pages=1581–1595|doi=10.3732/ajb.1700291|pmid=29885216|doi-access=free}}
= Etymology =
Distribution and habitat
Q. wislizeni is found in many areas of California{{Calflora|Quercus wislizeni|id=7010}} in the United States continuing south into northern Baja California in Mexico. It generally occurs in foothills, being most abundant in the lower elevations of the Sierra Nevada, but also widespread in the Pacific Coast Ranges—where since 1980 it has been known as a separate species Quercus parvula{{cite thesis |last=Nixon |first=Kevin |title=A Systematic Study of Quercus parvula Greene on Santa Cruz Island and Mainland California |date=1980 |type=Master's Thesis}}{{sfn|Jepson eFlora: Quercus parvula}}—and the San Gabriel Mountains.
Ecology
The interior live oak is a red oak (section Lobatae) in the California Floristic Province (series Agrifoliae). Q. wislizeni hybridizes with California black oak (Q. kelloggii) (= Quercus × morehus, Abram's oak). All California red oaks show evidence of introgression and/or hybridization with one another.
A common alliant tree is gray pine (Pinus sabiniana).
Uses
Humans use the wood as a fuel source.{{cite book |last=Whitney |first=Stephen |title=Western Forests |series=The Audubon Society Nature Guides |date=1985 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=0-394-73127-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/westernforests00whit/page/382 382] |url=https://archive.org/details/westernforests00whit/page/382 }} The acorns are edible.
References
=Bibliography=
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFJepson_eFlora:_Quercus_parvula|CITEREFJepson_eFlora:_Quercus_wislizeni}}
- {{eFloras|1|233501098|Quercus wislizeni |family=Fagaceae |first=Kevin C. |last=Nixon |ref={{harvid|Flora of North America}}}}
- {{Jepson eFlora|40706|Quercus parvula |first1=Thomas J. |last1=Rosatti |first2=John M. |last2=Tucker |date=2014 |ref={{harvid|Jepson eFlora: Quercus parvula}}}}
- {{Jepson eFlora|40780|Quercus wislizeni |first1=Thomas J. |last1=Rosatti |first2=John M. |last2=Tucker |date=2014 |ref={{harvid|Jepson eFlora: Quercus wislizeni}}}}
External links
{{Commons category|Quercus wislizeni|position=left}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20090212182135/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=82383&lang=us C. Michael Hogan (2008) California Buckeye: Aesculus californica, GlobalTwitcher.com, N. Stromberg ed.]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3009812}}
Category:Trees of Northern America
Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Category:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Category:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Category:Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
Category:Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
Category:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Category:Plants described in 1864
Category:Trees of Mediterranean climate
Category:Garden plants of North America