Race-conscious policy
{{Short description|Policies that aim to improve the conditions of racial minorities}}
A race-conscious policy is a policy that aims to improve the conditions of racial minorities. In the United States, such policies are typically aimed at improving the status of African-Americans.{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/race-conscious-policies | title=Race-Conscious Policies | encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences | date=2008 | accessdate=18 May 2017 | author=Sears, David O.}} Many different kinds of race-conscious policies exist, ranging from nondiscrimination policy to strict numerical racial quotas.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxKGAgAAQBAJ | title=A Different Vision: African American Economic Thought | publisher=Routledge | author=Boston, Thomas D. | year=2002 | pages=85| isbn=9781134798605 }} Their main purpose is twofold: to compensate for past discrimination against the target race, and to increase equality of opportunity.{{cite journal|last1=Edwards|first1=John|title=Group Rights v. Individual Rights: The Case of Race-Conscious Policies|journal=Journal of Social Policy|date=20 January 2009|volume=23|issue=1|pages=55–70|doi=10.1017/S0047279400021322|s2cid=145066826 }}
Education
In the United States, race-conscious policies like desegregation busing have long been used to counteract school segregation. The Supreme Court of the United States ruled in favor of these measures more in the 1960s and the 1970s than it has since then.{{cite web | url=https://www.ericdigests.org/2003-2/race.html | title=Constitutional Law and Race-Conscious Policies in K-12 Education | work=ERIC Digest | date=1 July 2002 | accessdate=19 May 2017 | author=Ancheta, Angelo}}
International variations
France, unlike many other Western European countries (including Britain), has avoided adopting race-conscious policies.{{cite web | url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/race-policy-in-france/ | title=Race Policy in France | work=Brookings Institution | date=1 May 2001 | accessdate=19 May 2017 | author=Bleich, Erik}} Variations in these policies between Britain and France are in large part due to the different frames through which the policies were portrayed in the two countries.{{cite journal|last1=Bleich|first1=Erik|title=Integrating Ideas into Policy-Making Analysis|journal=Comparative Political Studies|date=November 2002|volume=35|issue=9|pages=1054–1076|doi=10.1177/001041402237506|s2cid=153698101}}
Public opinion
Whites are the least supportive of race-conscious policies, while African Americans are the most supportive of them. Latinos and Asian Americans take intermediate stances in their opinions of these policies. This pattern persists after controlling for measures of racial prejudice, class status, and other factors.{{cite journal|last1=Lopez|first1=Linda|last2=Pantoja|first2=Adrian D.|title=Beyond Black and White: General Support for Race-Conscious Policies Among African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans and Whites|journal=Political Research Quarterly|date=December 2004|volume=57|issue=4|pages=633–642|doi=10.1177/106591290405700411|s2cid=144221840}} Among white liberals, racial resentment predicts support for race-conscious programs only for black students. In contrast, among white conservatives, racial resentment is closely related to opposition to such programs regardless of the recipient's race.{{cite journal|last1=Feldman|first1=Stanley|authorlink2=Leonie Huddy|last2=Huddy|first2=Leonie|title=Racial Resentment and White Opposition to Race-Conscious Programs: Principles or Prejudice?|journal=American Journal of Political Science|date=January 2005|volume=49|issue=1|pages=168–183|doi=10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00117.x}}