Racism in Germany

File:Herero chained.jpg chained up in 1904]]

When Germany struggled to become a belated colonial power in the 19th century, several atrocities were committed, most notably the Herero and Nama genocide in what is now Namibia. The German authorities forced the survivors of the genocide into concentration camps.

Eugen Fischer, a German professor of medicine, anthropology and eugenics conducted "medical experiments on race" in these camps, including sterilizations and injections of smallpox, typhus and tuberculosis. He advocated the genocide of alleged "inferior races" stating that "whoever thinks thoroughly about the notion of race, cannot arrive at a different conclusion".{{cite book | last1 = Olusoga | first1 = David | author-link = David Olusoga | last2 = Erichsen | first2 = Casper W. | title = The Kaiser's Holocaust. Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism | publisher = Faber & Faber | year = 2010 | location = London | isbn = 978-0-571-23141-6}}

The Herero genocide has commanded the attention of historians who study complex issues of continuity between this event and the Nazi Holocaust.A Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures - Continental Europe and its Empires, page 240 Edinburgh University Press 2009 According to Clarence Lusane, an Associate Professor of Political Science at the American University School of International Service, Fischer's experiments can be seen as testing ground for later medical procedures used during the Nazi Holocaust.

The Germanization policies against the Polish population in Germany were largely concentrated in territories conquered from Poland during the Partitions of Poland, but they were also enforced in Silesia, Pomerania and Masuria. They were motivated by racism.{{cite book|author=Nicola Piper|title=Racism, Nationalism and Citizenship: Ethnic Minorities in Britain and Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKubDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT122|date=17 August 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-83087-7|pages=122–124}}

File:Buchenwald Corpses 60623.jpg]]

After the Nazis came to power in 1933, racism became a part of the official state ideology.Christian Geulen: Geschichte des Rassismus, C.H. Beck, München 2007, 97f

Shortly after the Nazis came to power, they passed the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service which expelled all civil servants who were of "non-Aryan" origin, with a few exceptions.The Nazi Germany Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts, ed Roderick Stackelberg, Sally A. Winkle, Routledge, Article 3.12b First Regulation for Administration of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service

The Nazis passed the Nuremberg Laws in 1935. The first law known as the "Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour" forbade sexual relations and marriages between people of "German blood" and Jews.{{cite book|author1=Michael Burleigh|author2=Wolfgang Wippermann|title=The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945|url=https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich|url-access=registration|date=7 November 1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39802-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich/page/49 49]}} Shortly afterwards, the Nazis extended this law to include "Gypsies, negroes or their bastards".Burleigh, p. 50

Although the Nazis preached racial supremacy, in several books and pamphlets they stated that they were preaching racial consciousness rather than supremacy such as:

{{blockquote|The fundamental reason for excluding foreign-race groups from a people’s body is not discrimination or contempt, but rather the realization of otherness. Only through such thinking will it be possible for the peoples to again become healthy and able to respect each other.{{cite web|title=Heredity and Racial Science for Elementary and Secondary Schools|url=http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/erblehre.htm|year=1937}}}}

The Nazis believed that race determined everything and they told the Germans to be racially conscious.

In the 1930s and 1940s, Nazi Germany's military conquest of Europe in the Second World War was followed by countless acts of racially motivated murder and genocide.

In its broad definition, the term Holocaust refers to an industrially run programme of state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany, a genocide of different groups and the murder of individuals, whom the German authorities at this time defined as belonging to an "inferior race", as having "life unworthy of life" or advocating beliefs that were disturbing to their politics. The affected cultures use their own expressions such as: The Shoah (Hebrew: {{lang|he|השואה}}, HaShoah, "catastrophe"; Yiddish: {{lang|yi|חורבן}}, Churben or Hurban,[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/269548/Holocaust "Holocaust," Encyclop?dia Britannica, 2009]: "the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women and children, and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. The Nazis called this "the final solution to the Jewish question ..." in the Jewish context, the Porajmos [ˌpɔʁmɔs] (also Porrajmos or Pharrajimos, literally "devouring" or "destruction" in some dialects of the Romani language) used by Romani people, or the Polish word "Zagłada" (literally meaning "annihilation", or "extinction") often used by Poles as a synonym of the word Holocaust.Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, p.45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than {{formatnum:5000000}} Jews by the Germans in World War II."

The Holocaust was one of many outbreaks of antisemitism, a term coined in the late 19th century in Germany as a more scientific-sounding term for Judenhass ("Jew-hatred"). Scientific theories on antisemitism are divided into what degree it can be subsumed under racism and to what degree it can be subsumed under other causes and mechanisms.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

More than 130 people were killed in racist street violence in Germany, in the years between 1990 and 2010, according to the German newspaper Die Zeit.[http://www.zeit.de/2010/38/Rechte-Gewalt] Die Zeit: Rechte Gewalt Only some of the most publicly noted cases are listed below. In particular, after German reunification in the 1990s a wave of racist street violence claimed numerous lives, with notable incidents including the arson attack in Mölln and the Riot of Rostock-Lichtenhagen in 1992, the Solingen arson attack of 1993, and the attack on Noël Martin in 1996.

In 2006, a black German citizen of Ethiopian descent named as Ermyas M., an engineer was beaten into a coma by two unknown assailants who called him "nigger" in an unprovoked attack that has reawakened concern about racist violence in eastern Germany.{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,411820,00.html |title=Germany Shocked by Racist Attack: {{sic|Ethopian-Born|hide=y}} Man Beaten Into Coma|publisher=Der Spiegel|date=2006-04-18 |access-date=2012-05-29}} He was waiting for a tram in Potsdam, near Berlin, when two people approached him shouting "nigger". When he objected, they attacked him with a bottle and beat him to the ground.{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2030616,00.html |title=Racist Attacks Have Germany on Edge Ahead of World Cup | Germany | DW.DE | null |publisher=Dw-world.de |access-date=2012-05-29}}

Also in 2006, German-Turkish politician Giyasettin Sayan, a member of Berlin's regional assembly, was attacked by two men who called him a "dirty foreigner". Sayan, who represents the Left party, suffered head injuries and bruising after his attackers struck him with a bottle in a street in his Lichtenberg ward in the East of the city.{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2027025,00.html |title=German-Turkish Politician Injured in Racist Attack|publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2012-05-29}}

In August 2007, a mob consisting of about 50 Germans attacked 8 Indian street vendors during a town festival in the town of Muegeln near Leipzig.{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,501352,00.html |title=Racism Alive and Well: After Attack on Indians, Germany Fears For its Reputation |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=22 August 2007 |access-date=2012-05-29}}{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,500879,00.html |title=Mob Rule in Eastern Germany: Indians Attacked by Crowd at Street Party |newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=20 August 2007 |access-date=2012-05-29}} The victims found shelter in a pizzeria owned by Kulvir Singh, one of those being chased, but the mob broke through the doors and destroyed Singh's car. All eight were injured and it took 70 police to quell the violence{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,501654,00.html |title='Shame, Shame, Shame!': Readers React to German Racist Attack |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=23 August 2007 |access-date=2012-05-29}}

There is evidence that, in 2015, Professor Annette Beck-Sickinger at the University of Leipzig in Germany rejected Indian candidates on the basis of racism and stereotyping. The incidents were so severe - amid shock that they were perpetrated by an apparently 'educated' woman - that Germany's ambassador to India wrote a strongly worded letter condemning the professor, stating: "Your oversimplifying and discriminating generalization is an offense ... to millions of law-abiding, tolerant, open-minded and hard-working Indians," he wrote. "Let's be clear: India is not a country of rapists."{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-31834228|title=Second Indian rejected by German professor|work=BBC News |date=March 11, 2015}}

{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/03/10/asia/india-rape-german-professor/index.html|title=Professor apologizes for India rape comments|author=Harmeet Shah Singh, Kunal Sehgal and Greg Botelho|website=CNN|date=10 March 2015 }}

The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) noted in 2001, in its second report on the situation of the approximately 9% non- citizen population after German reunification:

{{blockquote| (…) that, in spite of the considerable number of non-citizens who have been living in Germany for a long time or even from birth, there was a reluctance by Germany to consider itself as a country of immigration.” Persons of immigrant origin, including those who are second or third generation born in Germany, tended to remain 'foreigners' in German statistics and public discourse.{{citation | contribution = Third report on Germany | title = European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) | publisher = Council of Europe | place = Strasbourg | pages = 13, point 29 | year = 2003}}}}

Civil rights activist Ika Hügel-Marshall has complained that she and others found it difficult to be regarded as German due to their ethnic background. She co-founded the Afro-Deutsch movement in the 1980s to raise awareness of Germans with African ancestry. The movement was designed "to resist marginalization and discrimination, to gain social acceptance, and to construct a cultural identity for themselves."{{cite journal|last=Janson|first=Deborah|year=2005|title=The Subject in Black and White: Afro-German Identity Formation in Ika Hügel-Marshall's autobiography Daheim unterwegs: Ein deutsches Leben|journal=Women in German Yearbook|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|volume=21|pages=62–84|jstor=20688247|doi=10.1353/wgy.2005.0012|s2cid=145223259}}

According to the United Nations, people with a migrant background also "are under-represented in important institutions, including the political system, the police and the courts".{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.de/national/20090702-20329.html |title=UN says Germany needs to tackle racism |publisher=The Local |date=1962-02-28 |access-date=2012-05-29}}

Critics say that a lingering xenophobia in parts of German society is being ignored. A representative from the country's Jewish Council argued that Germany is lacking a coordinated "nationwide action plan" when it comes to right-wing extremism.{{cite web |url=http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/08/22/328255.aspx |title=World Blog - Mob attack in Germany sparks outrage |publisher=MSNBC |access-date=2012-05-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216140656/http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/08/22/328255.aspx |archive-date=2010-02-16 }}

A former government spokesman Uwe-Karsten Heye said that dark-skinned visitors to Germany should consider avoiding the eastern part of the country where racism runs high. "There are small and medium-sized towns in Brandenburg, as well as elsewhere, which I would advise a visitor of another skin color to avoid going to.{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,416904,00.html |title=Is Eastern Germany Safe for Foreigners?: Racism Warning Has German Hackles Raised |publisher=Der Spiegel |date=2006-05-18 |access-date=2012-05-29}} It is also reported that German police "routinely ignore racist attacks".{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1571608/German-police-routinely-ignore-racist-attacks.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Harry | last=de Quetteville | title=German police 'routinely ignore racist attacks' | date=December 5, 2007}} Former SPD politician Sebastian Edathy said "People with dark skin have a much higher risk of being a victim of an attack in eastern Germany than in western Germany." He also accused municipalities in the east of not investing enough in the prevention of right-wing extremism."[http://www.mut-gegen-rechte-gewalt.de/eng/news/news-in-english/muegeln/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215144731/http://www.mut-gegen-rechte-gewalt.de/eng/news/news-in-english/muegeln/|date=February 15, 2010}}

Undercover journalist Günter Wallraff traveled across Germany for more than a year wearing a dark-haired curly wig and his white skin painted black, in a documentary film titled Black on White.{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8347040.stm | work=BBC News | title=New film uncovers racism in Germany | date=November 6, 2009}} He said that "I hadn't known what we would discover, and had thought maybe the story will be, what a tolerant and accepting country we have become, unfortunately I was wrong".{{cite web|last=Pilaeczyk |first=Hannah |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/german-journalist-criticized-film-racism/story?id=8897384 |title=German Journalist Criticized for Film on Racism|publisher=ABC News|date=2009-10-23 |access-date=2012-05-29}}

According to a 2019 report presented by the German Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency, the number of cases of racial discrimination reported in Germany rose by almost 10% to 1,176 since 2015.{{Cite web|title=Equal rights, equal opportunities. Annual Report of the Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency|url=https://www.antidiskriminierungsstelle.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/publikationen/Jahresberichte/2019_englisch.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4|access-date=2021-04-17|website=www.antidiskriminierungsstelle.de}}

Germany has an "ongoing problem with racial discrimination and does not give enough consistent legal support to victims," says Bernhard Franke, the acting head of the German Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency. According to him, the feeling of being left alone with injustice has "dire consequences in the long run that endanger social cohesion."{{Citation|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Racism on the rise in Germany {{!}} DW {{!}} 09.06.2020|url=https://www.dw.com/en/racism-on-the-rise-in-germany/a-53735536|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-04-17}}

In 2015, Rhineland-Palatinate interior minister Roger Lewentz said the former communist states were "more susceptible" to "xenophobic radicalization" because former East Germany had not had the same exposure to foreign people and cultures over the decades that the people in the West of the country have had.{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/eastern-germany-more-susceptible-to-xenophobic-radicalization/a-18683054|title=Eastern Germany 'more susceptible' to 'xenophobic radicalization' - News - DW - 31.08.2015|website=DW.COM}}

A 2017 study found that the reason why East Germans were more prone to hold right-wing extreme and xenophobia views, was due to East Germany communist rule.https://www.dw.com/en/study-links-far-right-extremism-and-eastern-german-mentality/a-38892657https://sg.news.yahoo.com/past-isolation-clue-east-german-xenophobia-study-170221206.htmlhttps://romea.cz/en/world/germany-right-wing-extremism-in-the-east-connected-to-communist-rule-study-says

{{excerpt|Racial profiling|Germany}}

File:Neo-Nazi Skinhead.jpg]]

Despite widespread rejection of Nazi Germany in modern Germany, there have been Neo-Nazi activities and organizations in post-war Germany. At times these groups face legal issues. Hence the Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit, Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists, Free German Workers' Party, and the Nationalist Front were all banned. The National Democratic Party of Germany has been accused of Neo-Nazi or Neo-Fascist leanings{{cite web

| title = Neo-Nazi NPD party takes hold in municipal vote in Saxony

| url = http://www.thelocal.de/politics/20080609-12381.html

| publisher = The Local

| date = 9 Jun 2008

| access-date = June 10, 2009

| quote =The neo-Nazi NPD party has representatives in every county council in the eastern German state of Saxony after it increased its share of the vote in municipal elections on Sunday.

}}

{{cite web

| title = Poll shows majority of Germany believe NPD to be non-democratic and damaging to Germany's image

| url = http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,438528,00.html

| publisher = Der Spiegel

| date = 22 Sep 2006

| access-date = July 21, 2009}}{{cite web

| title = Neonazis in der NPD auf dem Vormarsch

| url = http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/550/469109/text/

| publisher = Süddeutsche Zeitung

| date = 19 May 2009

| access-date = August 23, 2009

| quote = Das neonazistische Spektrum hat seinen Einfluss innerhalb der NPD ausgebaut.

}}{{cite book

| title = Verfassungsschutzbericht 2008

| url = http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/publikationen/verfassungsschutzbericht/

| publisher = Verfassungsschutz

| date = May 2009

| access-date = August 23, 2009

| page = 51

| quote = Auch 2008 ist es in der Kooperation zwischen der NPD und der Neonazi-Szene zu erheblichen Spannungen gekommen.

}} but historian Walter Laqueur writes that it cannot be classified that way.{{cite book | first=Walter| last=Laqueur | title= Fascism, Past, Present, Future | year=1996 | publisher=Oxford University Press| page =110}}

{{Excerpt|Anti-Palestinianism|Germany}}

In 2024, Liz Fekete described systemic anti-Palestinian racism in German politics, media and police, including the criminalization and stigmatization of pro-Palestinian demonstrations, and the treatment of any criticism of Israel's colonialist politics as antisemitic and blasphemous. She adds: ″this cannot be explained away simply by alluding to Germany’s desire to atone for the Holocaust.″{{Cite journal |last=Fekete |first=Liz |date=2024-05-24 |title=Anti-Palestinian racism and the criminalisation of international solidarity in Europe |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03063968241253708 |journal=Race & Class |language=en |doi=10.1177/03063968241253708 |issn=0306-3968|url-access=subscription }}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite news

| title = German Parliament Deems B.D.S. Movement Anti-Semitic

| last = Bennhold

| first = Katrin

| newspaper = The New York Times

| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/17/world/europe/germany-bds-anti-semitic.html

| date = 17 May 2019

| access-date = 11 December 2021

}}

• {{cite news

| title = Artists like me are being censored in Germany – because we support Palestinian rights

| last = Eno

| first = Brian

| author-link = Brian Eno

| newspaper = The Guardian

| url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/feb/04/artists-censored-germany-palestinian-rights

| date = 4 February 2021

| access-date = 7 December 2021

}}

• {{cite news

| title = Germany designates BDS Israel boycott movement as anti-Semitic

| last1 = Nasr

| first1 = Joseph

| last2 = Alkousaa

| first2 = Riham

| publisher = Reuters

| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-bds-israel/germany-designates-bds-israel-boycott-movement-as-anti-semitic-idUSKCN1SN204

| date = 17 May 2019

| access-date = 11 December 2021

}}

• {{cite magazine

| title = The Israelis challenging the German left's anti-Palestinian politics

| last = Shemoelof

| first = Mati

| magazine = +972 Magazine

| url = https://www.972mag.com/jid-palestine-leipzig-germany/

| date = 21 July 2021

| access-date = 4 December 2021

}}

• [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/racism/rapporteur/docs/A_HRC_14_43_Add.2.pdf Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on his visit to Germany], 2010
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722013106/http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_04/04_CbC_eng/DEU-CbC-IV-2009-019-ENG.pdf European Commission against Racism and Intolerance — 4thj report on Germany]
• [http://www.bayefsky.com/pdf/germany_t4_cerd_73.pdf CERD concluding observations on Germany], 2008
• [http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/44/681/8663.pdf Racism in Germany and its impact on the Turkish minority]
• [http://www.irr.org.uk/2010/february/ha000033.html Germany: freedom to speak on racism under threat]
• [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/callaloo/v026/26.2lemke.html "Germany's 'Brown Babies' Must Be Helped! Will You?": U.S. Adoption Plans for Afro-German Children, 1950-1955]

• [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1159888.stm German racist attacks soar]
• [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3568646,00.html Germany Needs to Do More Against Racism, UN Body Says ]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20091115135111/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/harrydequetteville/3694391/How_racist_is_Germany/ How racist is Germany?]
• [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410422 Racism in Germany: Double-Talk by Political Parties]
• [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3427199,00.html Study: Racism in Germany Increasingly Mainstream ]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100215144731/http://www.mut-gegen-rechte-gewalt.de/eng/news/news-in-english/muegeln/ "A deep-rooted racism in Germany" - International press review after the racist attack in Muegeln]

{{Germany topics}}

{{Antisemitism topics|state=collapsed}}

{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}

{{Europe topic|Racism in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Racism In Germany}}

Category:Human rights abuses in Germany

Germany