Radio Freedom

{{short description|Radio propaganda arm of the African National Congress}}

{{distinguish|Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}

{{other uses}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

{{Use South African English|date = August 2017}}

{{Infobox radio station

| name = Radio Freedom

| city = Pretoria (initial broadcasts), various exile locations

| country = South Africa (clandestine)

| area = Sub-Saharan Africa

| branding = Radio Freedom

| airdate = June 1963 (formal), mid-1950s (initial)

| last_airdate = 1991

| format = Political, anti-apartheid, liberation movement

| language = English, African languages

| affiliations = African National Congress, Umkhonto we Sizwe

| website =

}}

Radio Freedom also called Radio Zambia was a South African radio arm of the African National Congress (ANC) and its fighting wing Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) (Spear of the Nation) during the anti-Apartheid struggle from the 1970s through the 1990s.Radio Freedom. Voice of the African National Congress and the People's Army Umkhonto We Sizwe, 1985. Vinyl, 33 1/3. It was the oldest liberation radio station in Africa.{{cite journal|last1=Mosia|first1=Lebona|last2=Riddle|first2=Charles|last3=Zaffiro|first3=Jim|year=1994|title=From Revolutionary to Regime Radio: Three Decades of Nationalist Broadcasting in Southern Africa|url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/africa%20media%20review/vol8no1/jamr008001002.pdf|journal=Africa Media Review|publisher=African Council for Communication Education|volume=8|issue=1}} Listening to Radio Freedom in Apartheid-era South Africa was a crime carrying a penalty of up to eight years in prison.{{Cite journal|last=Lekgoathi|first=Sekibakiba Peter|date=2010-08-01|title=The African National Congress's Radio Freedom and its audiences in apartheid South Africa, 19631991|url=http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/xref?genre=article&issn=2040-199X&volume=2&issue=2&spage=139|journal=Journal of African Media Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=139–153|doi=10.1386/jams.2.2.139_1}}

Though its first formal broadcast was aired in June 1963 {{Cite web|url=http://theappendix.net/posts/2013/12/radio-freedom-underground-radio-in-south-africa|title=Radio Freedom: A History of South African Underground Radio—The Appendix|website=theappendix.net|access-date=2019-08-27}}{{Cite journal|last=Davis|first=Stephen R.|date=June 2009|title=The African National Congress, its Radio, its Allies and Exile * *|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=35|issue=2|pages=349–373|doi=10.1080/03057070902919892|s2cid=143465327|issn=0305-7070|doi-access=free}} the first broadcasts by what was then called Freedom Radio took place in the mid-1950s. The illegally-constructed transmitters were very low-powered devices, made by amateurs and operated by white activists. The first broadcasts came from various sites in Natal. Then a transmitter came on the air from Pretoria by which time the South African Police, assisted by Post Office engineers, had developed a radio direction finding set-up which successfully traced the transmitter to an address in the Muckleneuk suburb of Pretoria. The police raided the address while a broadcast was taking place and arrested five people. They also took possession of the radio transmitter plus other apparatus. The five accused came to court where they were found guilty of operating an illegal transmitter. They appealed against the judgement on a technicality and were tried again by a higher court in Pretoria on 29 July 1957. The two judges rejected their appeal and the five were duly sentenced to a fine or three months imprisonment. There was then a considerable hiatus until the next broadcast occurred from a transmitter outside South Africa in 1963.

The activist and ANC member Walter Sisulu announced the new station, saying "I come to you from somewhere in South Africa... Never has the country, and our people, needed leadership as they do now, in this hour of crisis. Our house is on fire.”{{Cite journal|last=Mosia|first=Lebona|date=July 1992|title=Warring in the Ether|url=http://www.rjr.ru.ac.za/rjrpdf/rjr_no4/the_ether.pdf|journal=Rhodes Journalism Review|pages=39–43|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=22 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422132258/http://www.rjr.ru.ac.za/rjrpdf/rjr_no4/the_ether.pdf|url-status=dead}} By the mid-1970s, having been exiled, Radio Freedom was broadcasting on radio stations in five different countries (Tanzania, Zambia, Angola, Ethiopia, and Madagascar{{cite web|url=http://www.intervalsignals.net/countries/african_clandestines.htm|title=Southern African Clandestines of the 1970s|access-date=2006-10-11}}).

In 1983, South African soldiers targeted and destroyed Radio Freedom's Madagascar facility, halting its operation for a short time.

Station identifications featured machine-gun fire, followed by spoken words such as "This is Radio Freedom, the voice of the African National Congress and its military wing uMkhonto we Sizwe", or a variation of that. These identifications became familiar to international audiences after an excerpt from one was included in a hit song "3 a.m. Eternal", first released in 1989, by The KLF.{{Cite book|title=Vision and Communism : Viktor Koretsky and dissident public visual culture|last=Koretsky, V. (Viktor)|date=2011|publisher=New Press|others=Bird, Robert, 1969-|isbn=9781595586254|location=New York|pages=99|oclc=701019403}}

Like other guerrilla stations, Radio Freedom shared news, interviews, poetry and commentary from the movement that ran counter to the highly censored media reports from within South Africa. Regular reports on bombings and acts of sabotage by the MK gave the impression of a nearly continuous assault and encouraged listeners to join the movement.{{Cite web|url=http://theappendix.net/posts/2013/12/radio-freedom-underground-radio-in-south-africa|title=Radio Freedom: A History of South African Underground Radio|last=Smith|first=Chris|date=December 20, 2013|website=The Appendix|access-date=28 August 2019}}

For some listeners, Radio Freedom's most valued contribution was the music, as it was the only place where one could hear exiled South African musicians like Dollar Brand (Abdullah Ibrahim), Dudu Pukwana, Miriam Makeba, or any music critical of apartheid. Much like tuning into Radio Freedom could come with a prison sentence, so too did owning a record of these artists; possessing a Miriam Makeba record, for instance, could lead to five years in prison.

In 1991, as apartheid came to an end, so too did Radio Freedom. The ANC, which had already shifted priorities from seizing power to gaining a seat at the table, convinced the new government to release political prisoners and welcome exiles back to South Africa. With broadcasters lining up to return home, the station slipped off the air without fanfare.     

Winnie Mandela{{cite web|url=http://www.zambiapretoria.net/news/00006.html|title=Zambia: Midwife of Our Freedom, Says Winni|author=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|access-date=2006-10-11}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}} and several people featured in Amandla!: A Revolution in Four-Part Harmony credit Radio Freedom as a significant comforting, rallying, and organising factor in the fight against Apartheid.Hirsh, Lee, Vusi Mahlasela, and Sherry Simpson. 2002. Amandla!: a revolution in four-part harmony. Australia: Kwela Productions