Radithor
{{Short description|Withdrawn radioactive patent medicine}}
File:Radithor bottle (25799475341).jpg in New Mexico, United States]]
Radithor was a radioactive patent medicine brand of distilled water containing at least {{convert|1|uCi|lk=on}} each of the radium-226 and 228 isotopes, sold in half-ounce bottles. In 1932, the illness and death of business magnate Eben Byers was unambiguously linked to his fervent use of Radithor, leading to the collapse of the radium fad and the strengthening of regulatory control of pharmaceutical and radioactive products in the United States.
Introduced in 1918, Radithor was William J. A. Bailey's biggest commercial success, selling 400,000 bottles between 1925 and 1930. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued warnings against the use of Radithor but did not have the authority to ban it during this period.{{cite journal |last1=Macklis |first1=Roger |date=August 1, 1990 |title=Radithor and the Era of Mild Radium Therapy |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/382766 |journal=JAMA |volume=264 |issue=5 |publisher= |pages=614-618 |doi=10.1001/jama.1990.03450050072031 |access-date=March 3, 2025 |url-access=subscription}}
History
Radithor was manufactured from 1918 to 1928 by the Bailey Radium Laboratories of East Orange, New Jersey. The owner of the company and head of the laboratories was listed as William J. A. Bailey, a dropout from Harvard College,{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,743525,00.html |title=Medicine: Radium Drinks |date=Apr 11, 1932|magazine=Time |accessdate=11 July 2010}} who was not a medical doctor.[http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/neighborhoods/northside/nor_n106.html Literary Digest, 16 April 1932] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203072143/http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/neighborhoods/northside/nor_n106.html |date=3 December 2010 }} It was advertised as "A Cure for the Living Dead"{{cite web|url=http://www.museumofquackery.com/devices/radium.htm|title=Radium Cures |work=Museum of Quackery|access-date=27 October 2021}} as well as "Perpetual Sunshine". The expensive product was claimed to cure impotence among other ills.{{cite news|last1=Jorgensen|first1=Timothy J.|title=When 'energy' drinks actually contained radioactive energy|url=https://theconversation.com/when-energy-drinks-actually-contained-radioactive-energy-67976|accessdate=4 November 2016|work=The Conversation US|date=2 November 2016}}
Eben Byers, a wealthy American socialite, athlete, industrialist, and Yale College graduate, who drank 1400 bottles of Radithor beginning in 1927, died in 1932 of various cancers as a result; before he died his jaw had to be removed.{{cite news |title=Death Stirs Action on Radium 'Cures'. Trade Commission Speeds Its Inquiry. Health Department Checks Drug Wholesalers. Autopsy Shows Symptoms. Maker of "Radithor" Denies It Killed Byers, as Does Victim's Physician in Pittsburgh. Walker Uses Apparatus. Friends Alarmed to Find Mayor Has Been Drinking Radium-Charged Water for Last Six Months. |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F93D5A13738DDDAB0894DC405B828FF1D3 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 2, 1932 |accessdate=2011-10-01}}
Byers was buried in a lead-lined coffin; when exhumed in 1965 for study, his remains were still radioactive and measured at 225,000 becquerels. As a comparison, the roughly 0.0169 g of potassium-40 present in a typical human body produces approximately 4,400 becquerels.{{Cite web|title=Radioactive Human Body|url=https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/radioactive-human-body|access-date=2021-01-21|website=sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu|language=en}}
His death led to the strengthening of the Food and Drug Administration's powers and the demise of most radiation-based patent medicines. A Wall Street Journal article describing the Byers incident (published in August 1990) was titled "The Radium Water Worked Fine Until His Jaw Came Off".{{Cite web|url=http://case.edu/affil/MeMA/MCA/11-20/1991-Nov.pdf|title=Medical Collectors Association - Newsletter 20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214144013/http://case.edu/affil/MeMA/MCA/11-20/1991-Nov.pdf|archive-date=2018-12-14|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-12-14}}
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
- Radithor (ca. 1918). 15 Sep. 2004. Oak Ridge Associated Universities. 12 Apr. 2005 [https://www.orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/radioactive-quack-cures/pills-potions-and-other-miscellany/radithor.html].
External links
- [https://www.orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/radioactive-quack-cures/pills-potions-and-other-miscellany/radithor.html Radithor] at the [https://www.orau.org/health-physics-museum/ Oak Ridge Associated Universities Health Physics Historical Instrumentation Museum Collection]
- [http://theodoregray.com/periodictable/Elements/088/index.html Theodore Gray's Periodic Table of Elements]
- [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19090226&id=3kIwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RUgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3965,2870664 Promotional article in Deseret News, 26 Feb 1909]