Raffia palm
{{short description|Genus of flowering plants in the palm family Arecaceae}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Raffia|Rafia|other uses|Raphia (disambiguation){{!}}Raphia}}
{{automatic taxobox
|name = Raffia palm
|image = Raphia australis.jpg
|display_parents = 2
|taxon = Raphia
|authority = P.Beauv.
|synonyms =
}}
Raffia palms are members of the genus Raphia. The Malagasy name {{lang|mg|rafia}} is derived from {{wikt-lang|mg|fia}} "to squeeze juice".{{Cite dictionary |title=rafia |dictionary=Dictionnaire des noms malgaches de végétaux |publisher=Editions Alzieu |date=1999 |author-link=Pierre Boiteau |volume=I |page=196 |language=fr |first1=Pierre |last1=Boiteau |url=https://malagasyword.org/bins/teny2/rafia}} The genus contains about twenty species of palms native to tropical regions of Africa, and especially Madagascar, with one species (R. taedigera) also occurring in Central and South America.[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=176695 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families] R. taedigera is the source of raffia fibers, which are the veins of the leaves, and this species produces a fruit called "brazilia pods", "uxi nuts" or "uxi pods".{{cite web|url=http://idtools.org/id/dried_botanical/factsheet.php?name=Raphia+taedigera| title=Raphia taedigera|access-date=7 October 2016|work=Dried Botanical ID|publisher=Delaware State University, Identification Technology Program, CPHST, PPQ, APHIS, USDA|last1=Tucker|first1=A.|last2=Redford|first2=A.|year=2010|location=Fort Collins, CO|last3=Scher|first3=J.|last4=Trice|first4=M.}}
They grow up to {{convert|16|m|ft}} tall and are remarkable for their compound pinnate leaves, the longest in the plant kingdom; leaves of R. regalis up to {{convert|25|m|ft}} longHallé, F. 1977. The longest leaf in palms? Principes 21: 18. and {{convert|3|m|ft}} wide are known. The plants are monocarpic, meaning that they flower once and then die after the seeds are mature. Some species have individual stems which die after fruiting, but have a root system which remains alive and sends up new stems which fruit. The Raphia palms are remarkable in being one of just two genera of flowering plants having the very rare phyllotaxy of 1/4 (the other is Laccosperma).Tuley, Af. Palms. op.cit. p. 36 Perhaps even more remarkable is the "King Raphia" (Raphia vinifera variety nigerica) which is the only known palm with pairs of opposite fronds.{{cite book | last= Tuley | first= Paul | date= 1995 | title= The Palms of Africa | location= St. Ives, Cornwall, United Kingdom | publisher= Trendrine Press | page= 82 | ISBN= 0-9512562-5-4 }}
Cultivation and uses
=Fiber=
{{see also|Kuba textiles}}
Image:Raphia weaver in Babouantou.jpg
Raffia fiber is produced from the epidermal membrane on the underside of the leaf fronds. The membrane is taken off to create a long thin fiber, which can be rolled together for added strength before they are finally dried. Fibres can be made into twine, rope, garden ties, and used in tree grafting.{{Cite web|title=Natural Raffia – Your New Go-to Material in Fair Fashion - One of a Mind by ABURY|url=https://abury.net/blogs/abury-blog/natural-raffia-fair-fashion|access-date=2021-09-10|website=abury.net}} Fibres are important in the area of textiles, as they can be dyed and woven into products such as decorative mats, baskets, placemats, hats, and shoes.
=Raffia wine=
The sap of the palm can be fermented into raffia wine. It is traditionally collected by cutting a box in the top of the palm and suspending a large gourd below to collect the milky white liquid. Unlike with oil palms, this process kills the tree. Sap from both the raffia and oil palms can be allowed to ferment over a few days. When first collected from the tree, it is sweet and appears slightly carbonated. As it ages more sugar is converted. Raffia wine tends to be sweeter at any age when compared to oil palm wine. Both kinds of palm wine can also be distilled into strong liquors, such as Ogogoro. Traditionally in some cultures where raffia or oil palm are locally available, guests and spirits are offered these drinks from the palm trees.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}
=Other uses=
In local construction, raffia fibres are used for ropes, with branches and leaves providing sticks and supporting beams, and various roof coverings. The people of Ogba kingdom in Rivers State and other southern Nigerians use raffia palm fronds as fishing poles. The frond is usually cut from a young palm tree. The leaves are removed and the stake is dried, which becomes very light, and the hook is attached to a line, which is tied to the stake, making it a fishing pole.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}
The raffia palm is important in societies such as that of the Province of Bohol in the Philippines, Kuba of Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nso of Cameroon, the Igbo and Ibibio/Annang/Bahumono of Southeastern Nigeria, the Tiv of Northcentral Nigeria and Southwestern Cameroons, the Urhobo and Ijaw people of the Niger delta Nigeria and the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria, among several other West African ethnic nations. {{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}
=Synthetic raffia=
{{Main article|Polypropylene raffia}}
| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
|File:cmglee_synthetic_raffia_string.jpg |valign="top"|A strand of raffia has a maximum length of about 1.5 m and an irregular width. When found on spools or hanks of greater lengths, it is likely synthetic raffia, produced from polypropylene. First produced by Covema in collaboration with Sulzer, a manufacturer of flat weaving looms for natural fibers, who adapted their looms to process synthetic raffia. These fabrics are used to make carpet backing, protective sheets, and bags for rice, potatoes, and citrus fruit. Covema also developed a method to cover raffia fabric with a thin film of polyethylene in order to make it waterproof.{{cite web |last1=Baucia |first1=Giovanni |title=C'era una volta...l'estrusione |url=https://www.polimerica.it/blog-articolo.asp?id=17 |website=Polimerica.it |publisher=Cronoart Srl |access-date=21 October 2021 |language=it}} |
{{gallery|width=200|height=200|align=center
|Image:RaffiaForGraftingTrees.JPG|Raffia can be used in tree grafting
|Image:Brooklyn Museum 1989.11.1 Raffia Cloth Panel Marked D43.jpg|Kuba raffia cloth panel
|Image:PendeMunganji.jpg|Raffia is woven to make the traditional Munganji dancer suit used in Bapende ceremonies in the Gungu region of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo
|Image:Raffia animals created by artisans in Madagascar.jpg|Raphia animals in Madagascar
}}
Species
File:Raphia farinifera MHNT.BOT.2007.26.50.jpg
| class="wikitable" | ||
| Image | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|
| Raphia africana Otedoh | Nigeria, Cameroon | |
| 120px | Raphia australis Oberm. & Strey | Mozambique, South Africa |
| 120px | Raphia farinifera (Gaertn.) Hyl. | Africa from Senegal to Tanzania, south to Mozambique and Zimbabwe |
| Raphia gentiliana De Wild. | Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic | |
| Raphia hookeri G.Mann & H.Wendl. | western and central Africa from Liberia to Angola | |
| Raphia laurentii De Wild. | Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic | |
| Raphia longiflora G.Mann & H.Wendl. | from Nigeria to Democratic Republic of Congo | |
| Raphia mambillensis Otedoh | Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan | |
| Raphia mannii Becc. | Nigeria, Bioko | |
| Raphia matombe De Wild. | Cabinda, Democratic Republic of Congo | |
| Raphia monbuttorum Drude | Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, South Sudan | |
| Raphia palma-pinus (Gaertn.) Hutch. | western Africa from Liberia to Cabinda | |
| Raphia regalis Becc. | central Africa from Nigeria to Angola | |
| Raphia rostrata Burret | Cabinda, Democratic Republic of Congo | |
| Raphia ruwenzorica Otedoh | eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi | |
| Raphia sese De Wild. | Democratic Republic of Congo | |
| 120px | Raphia sudanica A. Chev. | western Africa from Senegal to Cameroon |
| 120px | Raphia taedigera (Mart.) Mart. | Nigeria, Cameroon, Central America (Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama), South America (Colombia, Pará State of Brazil) |
| Raphia textilis Welw. | Cabinda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Angola | |
| Raphia vinifera P. Beauv. | western Africa from Democratic Republic of Congo to Benin |
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- {{commonscat-inline}}
- [http://www.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Raphia&page=quickSearch Kew palms checklist: Raphia]
- [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Raphia.html Sorting Raphia names]
- [http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Raphia/index.html PACSOA: Raphia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503152737/http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Raphia/index.html |date=2013-05-03 }}
- [http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantqrs/raphiaaust.htm South Africa plants: Raphia australis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221615/http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantqrs/raphiaaust.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}
- [http://www.fairchildgarden.org/palmguide/genus.php?family=arecaceae&genus=Raphia Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden: Raphia]
- [http://www.palmpedia.net/wiki/index.php/Palmpedia:ONLINE_REFERENCE#RAPHIA Raphia articles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615031742/http://www.palmpedia.net/wiki/index.php/Palmpedia:ONLINE_REFERENCE#RAPHIA |date=2009-06-15 }} at [http://www.palmpedia.net/wiki Palm Pedia]
{{Arecaceae genera}}
{{fibers}}
{{Non-timber forest products}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q133289}}