Rafiq al-Azm

{{Expand German|topic=bio|date=January 2019}}{{Infobox person

| name = Rafīq Bey ibn Mahmūd al-ʿAzm

| image = Syrian intellectual Rafeek Bey Al-Azm.jpg

| native_name = رفيق بك بن محمود العظم

| native_name_lang = ar

| birth_date = 1865

| birth_place = Damascus, Ottoman Empire

| death_date = 4 July 1925

| death_place = Cairo, Egypt

| party = Ottoman Party for Administrative Decentralization

| relatives = Haqqi al-Azm {{small|(cousin)}}

}}

Rafīq Bey ibn Mahmūd al-ʿAzm ({{Langx|ar|رفيق بك بن محمود العظم}}, 1865-1925) was a Syrian intellectual, author, and politician. 'Azm served as the president of the Ottoman Party for Administrative Decentralization and was a key figure in the intellectual formation of Arabism.{{Cite book|title=Israel: From war to peace?|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0714649627}}{{Citation|last=Khoury|first=Philip S.|chapter=Notables, nationalists and Faysal's Arab government in Damascus, 1918–20|pages=75–92|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780511563522|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511563522.007|title=Urban notables and Arab nationalism|year=1983}}

Rafiq was born in 1865 in Damascus, Ottoman Empire to the 'Azm family, one of the city's mostly politically and socially influential families.{{Cite thesis|last=Rizvi|first=Sayyid Muhammad|title=Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib|url=http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/3579/b1411415x.pdf|publisher=Simon Fraser University}} He received an education in French and Arabic in Damascus and Istanbul.

As a young man, 'Azm became involved in a group of reformist ulama who believed in restoration of the empire's 1876 constitution. During the reign of Abdul Hamid II 'Azm joined the Young Turks.{{Citation|last=Brockelmann|first=Carl|chapter=Abbreviations|pages=649–758|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004369795|doi=10.1163/9789004369795_004|title=History of the Arabic Written Tradition Supplement Volume 3 - I|year=2018}} He later joined the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), an underground organization that advocated for liberal reforms. In 1894 Ottoman authorities began cracking down on constitutionalists and their organizations, including the CUP; in the same year 'Azm fled to Cairo, Egypt.{{Cite book|last=Dudoignon|first=Stephane A.|editor1-first=Stephane A|editor1-last=Dudoignon|editor2-first=Komatsu|editor2-last=Hisao|editor3-first=Kosugi|editor3-last=Yasushi|date=2006-09-27|title=Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World|pages=45, 46|doi=10.4324/9780203028315|isbn=9780203028315|url=http://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/24216/1/1005915.pdf}}

In Egypt, 'Azm met Rashid Rida; together, the two founded the Ottoman Consultation Society (Jam'iyyat al-Shura al-'Uthmaniyya), a diverse, Ottoman focused society that pushed back against Turkish nationalism. 'Azm served as editor of the Arabic-language portion of the OCS's publications and its treasurer.{{Cite book|title=Modernity in Islamic Tradition : The Concept of 'Society' in the Journal al-Manar (Cairo, 1898-1940)|last=Florian|first=Zemmin|isbn=9783110543995|pages=308|oclc=1066211875|date = July 2018|publisher=De Gruyter }} Following the 1908 Young Turk Revolution the society was disbanded; 'Azm visited Istanbul and joined the Ottoman Party for Administrative Decentralization.

As part of the Ottoman Party for Administrative Decentralization, Rafiq al-ʿAzm along with his cousin Haqqi al-Azm opposed proposals to exclude non-Arabs and non-Muslims from the party, pushing for the affirmative inclusion of Jews, Druzes, and Christians in order to best reflect the makeup of Syria. Rafiq, as president, closely associated the party with another opposition party, the Party of Liberty and Union headed by Sadiq Bey, which shared the goal of granting the Arab states increased autonomy.{{Cite book|last=Tauber|first=Eliezer|date=2013-02-01|title=The Emergence of the Arab Movements|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0714640840|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0714640840/page/126 126]|doi=10.4324/9780203043721|isbn=9780203043721}} In April 1913, 'Azm on behalf of his party, accepted an invitation to the Arab Congress of 1913, to which he sent two delegates.

Rafiq al Azm died on 4 July 1925.