Ralph Darling

Born in Ireland around 1772, Ralph Darling was the eldest son of Christopher Darling, an English sergeant, and later military adjutant, in the 45th Regiment of Foot of the British Army. While his father was away on service during the American Revolutionary War, it is likely that Ralph spent his childhood in either England or Ireland with his mother and siblings.{{cite book |last1=Fletcher |first1=Brian |title=Ralph Darling, A Governor Maligned |date=1984 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Melbourne |isbn=0195545648}}

In 1785, the 45th Regiment was transferred to the Caribbean island of Grenada where Christopher Darling became the regiment's quartermaster. He took his family, including Ralph aged 13, with him.

In 1786, Ralph Darling, at the age of fourteen, entered the army as a private in his father's regiment, and served for two years on garrison duty at Grenada. From 1788 until 1792 it appears he became a customs officer on the island and achieved a high level of education and familiarity with colonial administration.

With the outbreak of war against France in 1793, Ralph was granted an officer's commission as an ensign in the British Army on 15 May 1793, without having to make the usual payment. He remained at Grenada and was concurrently promoted to Acting Comptroller of Customs at Saint George's, Grenada.

In 1794, the French government announced an abolition of slavery and funded slave revolts in British colonial possessions in the Caribbean including Grenada, where a rebellion broke out in 1795 under the leadership of Julien Fédon. Ralph Darling was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in the 15th Regiment of Foot and fought in the front-lines subduing the slaves. He survived the high levels of soldier mortality to diseases such as yellow fever, which claimed the life of his father who was still serving in the Caribbean during the rebellion.{{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7157 |title=Darling, Sir Ralph (1772–1858) |access-date=2 May 2014 |year=2009 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/7157 }}

In August 1796, Darling's efforts were rewarded and he was appointed as military secretary to Sir Ralph Abercromby, the British commander-in-chief in the West Indies. He was also promoted to the rank of captain in the 27th Regiment and was involved in the British capture of Trinidad in 1797. Darling accumulated wealth from his promotions and the loot attained from military operations, and in 1801 he was able to buy a commission as a lieutenant-colonel in the 69th Regiment.

By the time he returned to Great Britain in 1802, still aged only twenty-nine, Darling had become a respected part of the British colonial military system. He seems to have been unique in the British Army of this period, as he progressed from an enlisted man to become a general officer, later obtaining a knighthood. Darling was posted to India with the 69th in 1804, but this affected his health poorly and in 1806 he was shipped back to England where he was appointed as an administrator in the Adjutant-General's office.

During the Napoleonic Wars, Darling was attached to the 51st Regiment of Foot which was sent to Spain in the early stages of the Peninsular War. Darling fought at the Battle of Corunna in 1809, resulting in a messy British defeat to the French forces. He later served as assistant adjutant general during the Walcheren Expedition, before returning to the headquarters at Royal Horse Guards in London, where he served for almost a decade as head of British Army recruiting. In this role, Darling was subsequently promoted to brevet colonel on 25 July 1810, major general on 4 June 1813, and deputy adjutant general in 1814. He married Elizabeth Dumaresq in 1817. Darling was also able to further the careers of his younger brothers Henry and William, and subsequently his nephew Charles; the three brothers all became generals, and Charles also earned a knighthood.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70946338 |title=Notes and Queries. |newspaper=Australian Town and Country Journal |location=NSW |date=7 August 1880 |access-date=1 November 2013 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}

In February 1819 Darling took on the position of Acting Governor of British Mauritius and was placed in command of the British troops on the island. In this role, Darling again exhibited his administrative ability, but he also became very unpopular, being accused of allowing a British frigate to breach quarantine and start an epidemic of cholera which killed over a thousand people. Darling's administration denied the outbreak was contagious and failed to implement any interventions beyond recommending hot baths and ingesting laudanum. In response to the public outcry, Darling suspended the island's Conseil de Commune and censored the only newspaper operating on Mauritius.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2179304 |title=Sydney. |newspaper=The Sydney Gazette And New South Wales Advertiser |volume=18 |issue=850 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=4 March 1820 |accessdate=21 May 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}

Darling also failed to restrict the slave trade into Mauritius, overturning many of the anti-slavery policies brought in by the previous acting governor Gage John Hall. There were around 55,000 slaves labouring on plantations in Mauritius while Darling was in charge, with some being designated as government slaves working directly for the Darling administration. Chain gangs of female slaves were used by Darling as street sweepers and he also imported hundreds of convicts from Ceylon to work as forced labourers building roads and other government infrastructure.

Notwithstanding the criticism from some quarters, it was largely on account of his service in Mauritius that Darling was appointed the seventh Governor of New South Wales in 1824.

File:Ralph Darling.jpg

Darling arrived in Sydney to take up the role of Governor in December 1825. He came with directions from the High Tory director of the British Colonial Office, Earl Bathurst, to continue the implementation of austere policies to make New South Wales a place of dread for transported convicts. He was also instructed to facilitate the assignment of large tracts of land and convict labourers to exclusive wealthy colonists such as John Macarthur.

Darling, a loyal conservative Tory, enacted these directions thoroughly, as did his friend George Arthur who became the Lieutenant-Governor of the newly separate colony of Van Diemen's Land (later known as Tasmania) upon Darling's arrival in late 1825.

Convicts were subjected to regimes of brutal treatment especially at the secondary penal colonies of Moreton Bay, under the notorious superintendent Patrick Logan, and at Norfolk Island. In Sydney, as he did in Mauritius, Darling established convict road gangs which under harsh conditions, constructed several roads including the Great North Road, linking the Hawkesbury settlements around Sydney with those in the Hunter Valley.

Convicts who had served their terms, known as emancipists, were barred by Darling from holding government positions and were widely discriminated against. As a result, he came into conflict with some liberal "emancipists" who wished to introduce greater political and social freedom in New South Wales. Their accusations of tyrannical misrule were publicised by opposition newspapers in England and Australia (including the Australian, run by William Wentworth and Robert Wardell). Darling accentuated social class differences and even categorised convicts into three separate grades based upon their "delinquency".

Darling was a professional soldier, military governor of what was still effectively a penal colony, and having lived entirely within the authoritarian structure of the army since childhood, he lacked experience in dealing with civilian society. He tended to rely upon like-minded military men for his administration, and it was soon subject to criticism for nepotism, favouritism and tyrannical rule in the colonial newspapers.

Darling's predecessor, Thomas Brisbane, had ended press censorship, creating in effect press freedom before Darling arrived in the colony. Darling's subsequent attempts to control the press through new legislation were not entirely successful, because the Chief Justice, Francis Forbes, advised that some of the measures were not compatible with the laws of England.{{Citation|last=Currey|first=C. H.|title=Forbes, Sir Francis (1784–1841|url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/forbes-sir-francis-2052|work=Australian Dictionary of Biography|place=Canberra|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|access-date=2021-08-21}} However, Darling was able to pass some restrictive acts against newspaper editors which resulted in the jailing of one of his most vociferous critics, Edward Smith Hall, who was the editor of The Monitor.

It is certainly the case that Darling made land grants to relatives, including his brothers-in-law Henry and William Dumaresq, and others that he favoured, such as George Bowen and Stewart Ryrie, a brother-in law of Darling's first Lieutenant-Governor, William Stewart. Those same favoured people received appointments within his administration. He employed his nephew, Charles Henry Darling, as an assistant private secretary.{{Citation |last=Crowley |first=F. K. |title=Sir Charles Henry Darling (1809–1870) |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/darling-sir-charles-henry-3367 |access-date=2024-04-08 |place=Canberra |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |language=en}}

Governor Darling is also said to have "ruthlessly and implacably countered all attempts to establish a theatre in Sydney". He even introduced a law effectively banning the performance of drama. The law stated that no form of public entertainment could take place without approval from the colonial secretary, and Darling ensured that all such applications were rejected. He did permit concerts of music to take place.Eric Irvin. Dictionary of the Australian Theatre 1788–1914. (Sydney: Hale & Iremonger). 1985.

File:Joseph Sudds and Patrick Thompson chained with spiked iron collars.png

In keeping with official policy and the governor's own disciplinarian instincts, Darling's administration certainly strengthened the punitive aspects of transportation. Perhaps the most controversial act of his tenure was the harsh treatment of soldiers Joseph Sudds and Patrick Thompson, who in 1826 had committed theft in the belief that seven years in an outlying penal colony would be an easier life than two decades of army discipline. As an example to others, the Governor personally modified their conviction and had them humiliated in front of their regiment, placed in irons and assigned to a chain gang. Darling also ordered spiked collars to be attached to their necks, which were in use during his time in Mauritius as implements to prevent slaves from being able to rest their heads. Less than a week after the conviction, Joseph Sudds died while undergoing this punishment.

Sudds' death was officially downplayed and it was stated as having been due to a pre-existing illness which the Governor had not been properly informed about. However, the incident proved intensely and persistently controversial at the time and formed a major element in the rising career of Mr William Charles Wentworth as a political thorn in the side of the establishment and a leading advocate for the self-government of the Australian colonies.

Wentworth, who was also famous for crossing the Blue Mountains with Blaxland and Lawson, became the Colony's leading political figure of the 1820s–30s. He called for representative government, the abolition of transportation, freedom of the press and trial by jury. Wentworth became the most bitter enemy of Governor Ralph Darling and his 'exclusives' led by the wealthy grazier John Macarthur. In one account disfavourable to the Governor written by Marcus Clarke{{cite web|url=http://www.telelib.com/authors/C/ClarkeMarcus/prose/OldTales/ironcollar.html|title=Governor Ralph Darling's Iron Collar|work=Old Tales of a Young Country|first=Marcus|last=Clarke|authorlink=Marcus Clarke|date=1871|access-date=26 August 2021}} the following claims regarding Governor Darling's "act of tryanny" of 22 November 1826 are made: "it was given forth that Sudds had died from combined dropsy and bronchitis. Mr. Wentworth – a native-born Australian barrister, of some eloquence and intense capacity for hating – would not rest satisfied with this explanation, and little by little the facts of the case leaked out"; "the ingenious Darling had placed round their necks spiked iron collars attached by another set of chains to the ankle fetters. The projecting spikes prevented the unhappy men from lying down at ease, and the connecting chains were short enough to prevent them from standing upright. Under the effects of this treatment Sudds had died. Public fury now knew no bounds. Tradesmen put up their shutters as though in mourning for some national calamity. The fiercest denunciations met the Governor on all sides, and he was accused of wilful murder"; after Sudds' death Thompson was taken in a bullock-cart to Penrith gaol, and thence conveyed to "No. 1, Iron-chain-gang party" on Lapstone-hill, being at the face of the Blue Mountains. At three o’clock on the first day he was taken out and set to work with the gang, having the spiked collar that had killed Sudds on his neck the whole time. After eight hot days of this work Thompson refused to continue working and was taken to gaol and was finally sent on board the hulks. Thompson was eventually ordered to rejoin his regiment (Sydney Gazette, 28 March 1829), and was sent back to England in October 1829 (Australian, 23 October 1829).

When Darling was commissioned as governor, the Colony's western boundary – set in 1788 at 135 degrees east longitude – was extended by 6 degrees west to the 129 degrees east longitude. This line of longitude subsequently became the border dividing Western Australia and South Australia. In 1826 he also defined the Nineteen Counties which were the limits of location in the colony of New South Wales. Settlers were only permitted to take up land within these counties. From 1831 the granting of free land ceased and the only land that was to be made available for sale was within the Nineteen Counties.

On 16 April 1831, Darling issued a proclamation banning trade in heads out of New Zealand saying that there was reason to believe that the trade tended to increase the sacrifice of human life.{{cite book |last1=Fraser |first1=Bryce |last2=McLauchlan |first2=Gordon |last3=King |first3=Michael |last4=Keith |first4=Hamish |last5=Walker |first5=Ranganui |last6=Barber |first6=Laurie |title=The New Zealand Book of Events |date=1986 |publisher=Reed Methuen |isbn=0-474-00123-7 |page=23 |edition=1}}{{cite news |last1=Bayer |first1=Kurt |title=Grisly trade raised fears for Maori |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/grisly-trade-raised-fears-for-maori/MCGQHTE7JA32XIFZ7LYRLFG5VY/ |access-date=14 November 2024 |work=The New Zealand Herald |agency=NZME Publishing Ltd |issue=14 Nov, 2014}}

Having gathered considerable evidence of his own, Wentworth wrote to Sir George Murray, the Secretary of State, and forwarded to him a long bill of indictment against the Governor. On 8 July 1828, Mr. Stewart, a member of the British House of Commons, rose to move for "papers connected with the case of Joseph Sudds and Patrick Thompson". The "rascally newspapers" had not been idle either, and "Miles", a correspondent of the Morning Chronicle, took up the cudgels for Mr. Wentworth. The Morning Chronicle commented severely on the conduct of the Tory Governor of New South Wales. The Tory papers duly retaliated, but eventually Darling moved to resign. The controversy still persisted, and lasted years after Governor Darling's resignation – with the Whig party clamouring for vengeance, and with "Miles", persistently chronicling all of Darling’s misdeeds in order to seek that Darling be tried for his life. There was, however, no "trial for murder" and the Government expressed itself fully satisfied with the conduct of Sir Ralph Darling. Wentworth having got for Governor Major-General Sir Richard Bourke (who was generally liked), turned his attention to other pursuits. Wentworth published in England a series of pamphlets containing an account of this whole business.

His departure for England, upon the ship Hooghly, was greeted by public rejoicing, but his modern biographer has described this display as being "orchestrated by his opponents".

Darling sought to ensure the education of child prisoners, improve the treatment of female convicts, and promote the use of Christian teaching as a means of rehabilitation, and he made efforts to give the indigenous population the protection of British justice. The annual distribution of blankets to Aboriginal people was initiated by him in 1826, originally as rewards to those who assisted in the capture of bushrangers at the request of the Bathurst magistrates.{{cite journal |last1=O'Brien |first1=Anne |title=Kitchen Fragments and Garden Stuff |journal=Australian Historical Studies |date=June 2008 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=150–166 |doi=10.1080/10314610802033148|s2cid=141697603 }}{{cite web |title=Number of blankets served out to Aborigines at Bathurst |url=https://www2.sl.nsw.gov.au/archive/curio/exhibit/1361/index053a.html?from_collection=2&page=10 |website=Curio |publisher=State Library of NSW |access-date=18 December 2019 |language=en}}{{Citation | author1=Smithson, Michael Anthony | title=A misunderstood gift : the annual issue of blankets to Aborigines in New South Wales, 1826–48 | date=1992 | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/192607650 | access-date=18 December 2019 }}

Ralph Darling left Australia in 1831, returning to England in 1832. Continuing pressure from political opponents led to the formation of a select committee to examine his actions in Australia, but the inquiry exonerated him, and the day after it concluded, he was knighted by the king in a dramatic display of official favour. The controversy in Australia may have contributed to the fact that he was not given any significant new military or political assignments, but further promotion and various honorific appointments did follow, and he was happy to devote much of his time to raising his young children.

He was given the colonelcy of the 90th Regiment of Foot in 1823, transferring as Colonel to the 41st (Welch) Regiment of Foot in 1837 and to the 69th (South Lincolnshire) Regiment of Foot in 1848, a post he held until his death.

Darling died in Brighton on 2 April 1858 at the age of eighty-six, survived by his widow, three sons and four daughters.

File:Eliza Darling.jpg]]

On 13 October 1817, Darling married the 19-year-old Elizabeth Dumaresq, known as Eliza (1798–1868). She was the daughter of Colonel John Dumaresq, a landowner in Shropshire. The marriage was a happy one. Of ten children, four daughters and three sons survived to adulthood.{{cite web |title=Eliza, Lady Darling |url=https://moore.edu.au/resources/eliza-lady-darling/ |website=Moore College}}

Eliza's widowed mother Ann Dumaresq was a devout philanthropist, and lived in Cheltenham.{{cite book |last1=Clune |first1=David |title=The Governors of New South Wales 1788–2010 |date=2009 |publisher=Federation Press |isbn=978-1-86287-743-6 |page=150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHqv_zt_veQC&pg=PA150 |language=en}} Eliza was influenced by Hannah More and Sarah Trimmer.{{cite book |last1=Shiell |first1=Annette |title=Fundraising, Flirtation and Fancywork: Charity Bazaars in Nineteenth Century Australia |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6477-0 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItoxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |language=en}} In Australia, she consulted the penal reformer Elizabeth Fry, with reference in particular to female convicts. She was also involved in the establishment of the Female School of Industry at Parramatta.{{cite book |last1=Clune |first1=David |title=The Governors of New South Wales 1788–2010 |date=2009 |publisher=Federation Press |isbn=978-1-86287-743-6 |page=157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHqv_zt_veQC&pg=PA157 |language=en}}

After Darling's position in New South Wales ended, the family returned to England. They lived at Cheltenham, then Brighton where Darling died in 1858.{{cite web |title=Design & Art Australia Online, Elizabeth Darling b. c.10 November 1798 |url=https://www.daao.org.au/bio/elizabeth-darling/biography/}}

The following features are named after Ralph Darling or members of his immediate family:

• Darling River
• Darling Harbour
• Darling Downs
• Darling Scarp, also referred to as the Darling Range or Darling Ranges
• Darling Causeway, a landform in the Blue Mountains
• Darling Street, the main thoroughfare of Balmain
• The Sydney suburbs of Darlinghurst and Darling Point

The Logan River in South-East Queensland was named the Darling River in 1826 by Captain Patrick Logan, in honour of the then-Governor Darling. However, Darling decided to, "[return] the compliment by renaming the river the Logan, to recognise Logan's enthusiasm and efficiency."{{cite web |title=An early history of Logan |url=https://www.logan.qld.gov.au/heritage/early-history-logan |website=Logan City Council |access-date=20 August 2022}}

Darling appears as a character in the radio play Spoiled Darlings and the mini series The Patriots.

{{reflist}}

• Duyker, Edward (June 1985), "An Elegant Defence of a Colonial Governor", Australian Rationalist Quarterly, No. 22, p. 14.
• {{cite book|author=Brian H. Fletcher|title=Ralph Darling: A Governor Maligned|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1984|isbn=0-19-554564-8|page=473}}
• {{cite Australasia|Darling, Lieut.-General Sir Ralph}}
• {{cite book|author=Reid, Stuart | author-link= Stuart Reid (Scottish historical writer) |title=Wellington's Officers: a Biographical Dictionary of the Field Officers and Staff Officers of the British Army 1793–1815|publisher=Partizan Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1858185729|page=316}}

• Historical Records of Australia, Series I, volumes 12–17
• Edw. Smith Hall (1833), [http://digital.sl.nsw.gov.au/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?embedded=true&toolbar=false&dps_pid=IE3742107 Reply in Refutation of the Pamphlets of Lieut.-Gen. R. Darling] (London: R. Robinson [sic])
• L. N. Rose (1922), "The Administration of Governor Darling", Journal and Proceedings (Royal Australian Historical Society), vol 8, part 2, pp 49–96 and vol 8, part 3, pp 97–176
• Parliamentary Debates (Great Britain) (3), 29, 30
• Parliamentary Papers (House of Commons, Great Britain), 1828 (538), 1830 (586), 1830–31 (241), 1831–32 (163, 620), 1835 (580)
• A. S. Forbes, Sydney Society in Crown Colony Days (State Library of New South Wales)
• manuscript catalogue under Ralph Darling (State Library of New South Wales)

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050716171426/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=41&aID=3&pID=38 Darling's Commission] as NSW governor (document scans, discussion)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050913104303/http://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/C/ClarkeMarcus/prose/OldTales/ironcollar.html Detailed discussion] of the Sudds and Thompson case
• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042450/http://www.kittybrewster.com/ancestry/darling.htm Family tree]}}
• [https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/tqqf2h/alma99183959420902061 Colonial Secretary's papers 1822–1877], State Library of Queensland- includes digitised correspondence, reports and letters written by Darling to the Colonial Secretary of New South Wales, including matters relating to the Moreton Bay settlement

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after=Richard Bourke |

years=1825–1831}}

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{{succession box|title= Colonel of the 69th (South Lincolnshire) Regiment of Foot |before=John Vincent|after=Ernest Frederick Gascoigne|years= 1848–1858}}

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{{succession box|title= Colonel of the 41st (Welsh) Regiment of Foot |before=Edward Stopford|after=Charles Ashe a'Court Repington|years= 1837–1848}}

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{{succession box|title= Colonel of the 90th Regiment of Foot |before=Hon. Robert Meade|after=Sir Henry Sheehy Keating|years= 1823–1837}}

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