Ramesses X

His accession day fell on 1 prt 27 (first month of the Winter season, day 27).J. von Beckerath, GM 79 (1984), 8-9 His highest attested regnal year is year 3; the highest attested date in his reign is either "year 3, second month of the Inundation season, day 2"Botti & Peet, Il Giornale della Necropoli, 55 or possibly "year 3, month 4 (no day given)".Botti & Peet, Il Giornale della Necropoli, 55, txt d However, a later 20th Dynasty papyrus fragment from Deir el-Medina published in 2023 by Egyptologist Robert Demarée refers to a partial date of Year 4, third month of Inundation [or Akhet] together with a change to Year 1, month 4 of Inundation. Although both kings are unnamed, it is strongly suggested by Demarée to refer to the reigns of Ramesses X and his successor Ramesses XI. If confirmed, this would mean that Ramesses X ruled for 3 years and 10 months or nearly 4 years before he died.{{cite journal |last1=Demarée |first1=Robert J. |title=Two Papyrus Fragments with Historically Relevant Data |journal=Rivista del Museo Egizio |date=2023 |volume=7 |doi=10.29353/rime.2023.5078 |url=https://rivista.museoegizio.it/article/two-papyrus-fragments-with-historically-relevant-data/ |access-date=25 November 2023 |doi-access=free |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201124322/https://rivista.museoegizio.it/article/two-papyrus-fragments-with-historically-relevant-data/ |url-status=live }}

File:Giornale dell'anno 3 di Ramesse X PAP8807.tif, between 1110 and 1107 BC. Museo Egizio, Turin.]]

The only other 20th Dynasty king who died in his regnal Year 4 was Ramesses V but this ruler died around the time interval between the first and second month of PeretJürgen von Beckerath, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, (1997), pp.201-202 So, the papyrus document above cannot refer to Ramesses V.

The older theory put forward on astronomical grounds by Richard Parker that Ramesses X may have reigned for 9 years,R.A. Parker, The Length of the Reign of Ramesses X, RdÉ 11 (1951), 163-164 has since been abandoned.

Likewise, the suggested ascription of Theban graffito 1860a to a hypothetical year 8 of Ramesses X{{cite journal |last1=Bierbrier |first1=M. L. |title=A Second High Priest Ramessesnakht? |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |date=1972 |volume=58 |pages=195–199 |doi=10.2307/3856249}}{{cite journal |last1=Bierbrier |first1=M. L. |title=The Length of the Reign of Ramesses X |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |date=1975 |volume=61 |pages=251 |doi=10.2307/3856515}} is no longer supported.{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=L. D. |title=Only One High Priest Ramessesnakht and the Second Prophet Nesamun His Younger Son |journal=Serapis |date=1980 |volume=6 |pages=7-27}}

The English Egyptologists Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton wrote in a 2004 book:

No evidence is known to indicate the relationship between the final kings Ramesses IX, X and XI. If they were a father-son succession, Tyti, who bears the titles of King's Daughter, King's Wife and King's Mother, would seem [to be] a good candidate for the wife of Ramesses X, but little else can be discerned.{{cite book |last1=Dodson |first1=Aidan |last2=Hilton |first2=Dyan |title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt |date=2004 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |isbn=978-0-500-05128-3 |pages=191 |url=https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_a3h8/page/191/mode/1up |access-date=25 November 2023}}

However, Dodson's hypothesis here on Tyti's position must now be discarded since it has been proven in 2010 that Tyti was rather a queen of a previous 20th dynasty pharaoh instead. She is mentioned in the partly fragmented Harris papyrus to be Ramesses III's wife as Dodson himself acknowledges.{{cite journal |last1=Collier |first1=Mark |last2=Dodson |first2=Aidan |last3=Hamernik |first3=Gottfried |title=P. BM EA 10052, Anthony Harris, and Queen Tyti |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |date=2010 |volume=96 |pages=242–247 |issn=0307-5133}}

Ramesses X is a poorly documented king. His year 2 is attested by Papyrus Turin 1932+1939 while his third year is documented in the Necropolis Journal of the Workmen of Deir El Medina.E.F. Wente & C.C. Van Siclen, "A Chronology of the New Kingdom" in Studies in Honor of George R. Hughes, (SAOC 39) 1976, p.261 This diary mentions the general idleness of the necropolis workmen, at least partly due to the threat posed by Libyan marauders in the Valley of the Kings. It records that the Deir El-Medina workmen were absent from work in Year 3 IIIrd Month of Peret (i.e., Winter) days 6, 9, 11, 12, 18, 21 and 24 for fear of the "desert-dwellers" (i.e., the Libyans or Meshwesh) who evidently roamed through Upper Egypt and Thebes at will.J. Cerny, "Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III" in Cambridge Archaeological History (CAH), 'The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380-1000 BC', 1975, p.618 This is partly a reflection of the massive Libyan influx into the Western Delta region of Lower Egypt during this time. Ramesses X is also the last New Kingdom king whose rule over Nubia is attested from an inscription at Aniba.Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, (Blackwell Books: 1992), p.291

His KV18 tomb in the Valley of the Kings was left unfinished. It is uncertain if he was ever buried there, since no remains or fragments of funerary objects were discovered within it.

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Commons category|Ramses X}}

• [http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/sites/browse_tomb_832.html KV18: The Tomb of Ramesses X] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918093103/http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/sites/browse_tomb_832.html |date=2008-09-18 }}

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Category:12th-century BC pharaohs

Category:Pharaohs of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt

Category:Year of birth unknown

Category:12th-century BC deaths

Category:Ramesses IX