Rapanui Rock

Shag Rock (also known as Rapanui) is a sea stack that marks the entrance of the Avon Heathcote Estuary near Christchurch, New Zealand. It is a prominent landmark for navigators at sea as well as travelers on the road to Sumner. The rock stands close to the southern shore just above the low tide level. In the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake it shattered and the remains, which are still easily seen from the road, have, with dark humour by some locals, been called "Shag Pile" (a pun referencing the style of carpet).

Although no longer used by shipping, the estuary is accessible as far as Ferrymead using shallow draught vessels up to about 30 tons if the Sumner bar is crossed in favourable wind, sea and tidal conditions. The shipping channel into the estuary lies to the northern side of the rock.

Toponymy

File:Rapanui Rock during sunset, Sumner, Christchurch, New Zealand.jpg

Rapanui is the Māori name for the "black, tooth-like rock" on the beach at the mouth of the Avon-Heathcote Estuary, according to James Cowan when he retold a 200-year-old Māori legend.{{cite book |last1=Cowan |first1=James |title=LEGENDS OF THE MAORI |date=1987 |publisher=Southern Reprints |page=99 |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Pom01Lege-t1-body2-d6-d3.html |access-date=12 January 2021 |chapter=EPISODE III. THE LAUNCHING OF THE SPELL |quote=And the dwellers in the riverbank pa, Pohoareare, men, women and children, launched their canoes and paddled down the slow Opaawaho, across the shallows of Ohikaparuparu, or, literally, "Fall-in-the-mud", and so out past the black, tooth-like rock of Rapanui to the firm beach sands, where Sumner township stands to-day.}}{{cite web |last1=Andersen |first1=Johnannes C. |title=Map of Banks Peninsula showing principal surviving European and Maori place-names (in: Place-names of Banks Peninsula : a topographical history) |url=https://christchurchcitylibraries.com/Heritage/Maps/536127.asp |publisher=Govt. Printer |access-date=12 January 2021 |location=Wellington, New Zealand |date=1927}} According to Waitaha Taiwhenua o Waitaki tradition the name means the great sternpost and is one of the oldest landmarks of Te Wai Pounamu, standing at the entrance to the Ōpāwaho/Ōtākaro (Heathcote/Avon) estuary.{{cite web |title=Rapanui – Shag Rock |url=https://my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/ti-kouka-whenua/rapanui/ |website=my.christchurchcitylibraries.com |publisher=Christchurch City Libraries |access-date=13 January 2021}} Sumner Town Clerk, J. F. Menzies, suggests that the Māori navigators approaching the rock from seaward might exclaim "Te Rapanui" - "the great sternpost" when they saw the rock formation because it resembles "the huge sternpost of a canoe with its base extending landwards."{{cite book |last1=Menzies |first1=J. F. |title=Sumner |date=1941 |publisher=Sumner Borough Council |location=Sumner, Christchurch, New Zealand |pages=38–39 |url=https://christchurchcitylibraries.com/DigitalCollection/Publications/1940s/1941Sumner/PDF/Menzies.pdf |access-date=6 February 2021 |chapter=Rapanui-Shag Rock}} An alternative translation of scattered stones deeply embedded in the ground is also appropriate, according to Gordon Ogilvie, a local historian.{{cite book |last1=Ansley |first1=Bruce |title=Christchurch Heritage |date=2011 |publisher=Random House New Zealand |location=Auckland |isbn=978 1 86979 863 5 |page=206}}

The Sumner Borough Council resolved that the rock be known as Rapanui in all its official documents, as well as giving the same name a nearby water reservoir.

Shag Rock appears as the name of this feature on HMS Pandora's December 1854 survey chart of the Sumner Bar.{{cite book |editor1-last=Amodeo |editor1-first=Colin |title=Rescue, The Sumner community and its lifeboat service |date=1998 |publisher=Sumner Lifeboat Institute Incorporated |location=Sumner, Christchurch, New Zealand |isbn=0-473-05164-8 |page=2 |edition=Limp Bound}} It appeared as an unnamed feature on maps from as early as 1852.

Since the 2011 earthquakes shattered the rock and scattered some of the fragments, the rock pile, significantly reduced in height, has been referred to as Shag Pile, a pun on the carpet style or, more rudely, as Shagged Rock, by some locals possessing a darker sense of humour.{{citation |url=http://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/blog/bunker-notes/2011/09/14/ode-to-rapanui-shag-rock/ |title=Ode to Shag Rock / Rapanui |publisher=Christchurch Art Gallery, New Zealand.]}}

Geology

The rock is a sea stack that has been isolated from the nearby cliff by various erosive process. The changes in the size and shape of the rock seen in the 2010-2011 earthquake sequence are part of this ongoing natural process. The adjacent cliff collapse seen in the recent earthquakes is suggestive of how the rock stack became disconnected from the adjacent cliff face. Also, the rock field on the landward side of the rock stack suggests that the stack was significantly larger in pre-historic times.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

=Before the 2011 Canterbury earthquake=

The rock rose about {{convert|11|m|abbr=off}} above the sea, depending on the state of the tide.{{cite web|url=http://archived.ccc.govt.nz/archived/1999/CommunityPlan/Hagley-Ferrymead/page38-40.pdf |title=Geographic Features of Significance |publisher=Christchurch City Council |accessdate=2011-09-27}}

=2011 Canterbury earthquake=

It crumbled during the 6.3 earthquake of 22 February 2011, which reduced its height.{{cite web |date=2011-04-08 |title=On shaky ground |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/lifestyle/avenues/features/4864494/On-shaky-ground |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515043859/http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/lifestyle/avenues/features/4864494/On-shaky-ground |archive-date=15 May 2011 |accessdate=2011-09-27 |publisher=Stuff}}

Navigation and shipping

The rock is a prominent landmark for navigators at sea as well as travellers on the road to Sumner.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} It marks the outflow from the Avon Heathcote Estuary. The rock stands close to the southern shore and is accessible from the beach at low tide.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Because of its height and separation from the background cliffs it serves as a natural navigation marker that can be used by navigators to judge a vessel's position at sea, especially when close to shore in the shoaling waters in the vicinity of the Sumner Bar.{{Additional citation needed|date=January 2021}} During the 19th century the estuary outflow flowed much closer inshore, across the beach towards the nearby Cave Rock before sweeping out to sea. When the bar area was surveyed by HMS Pandora in 1854, the sandbar the extended from the Southshore was exposed at half tide seaward of much of Sumner beach and the outflow channel swept the beach area free of sand, forming a small bay where there is now a sizeable beach.{{cite book|last1=Richards|first1=G.H. [George Henry]|url=https://archive.org/details/thenewzealandpilot/page/n232/mode/1up|title=New Zealand Pilot|last2=Evans|first2=F.J. [Fredrick John Owen]|date=1875|publisher=Hydrographic Office, Admiralty|edition=Fourth|location=London|pages=210–211|chapter=Avon River|format=Various download options available|quote=From surveys made by H.M. ships Acheron and Pandora, Captain J. Lort Stokes, and Commander Byron Drury, 1848-55.|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=|archive-date=}}{{Additional citation needed|date=January 2021}} The former shoreline is apparent from historic photographs and painting of Sumner beach showing roads at the water's edge, and a jetty into the bay where the beachside tea rooms are now.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

At the time of the HMS Pandora survey, the shipping channel required vessels to sail close to and almost directly at Cave Rock before rounding a knee in the channel and sailing across the beach to round Shag Rock. Today, the channel between the estuary and the sea flows more directly out to sea on the northern side of the rock.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Although no longer used by shipping, the estuary was accessible as far as Ferrymead using shallow draught vessels up to about 30 tons, if the bar is crossed in favourable wind, sea and tidal conditions.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Ships could even sail up the Avon River to the Bricks near present day Barbados Street in the central city, as well as up the Heathcote River as far as where the Radley Street Bridge is now.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Steamers could easily sail upriver as far as Steam Wharf, by the Tunnel Road roundabout on Ferry Road, where there is a memorial today.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Above Steam Wharf the Heathcote river became too narrow for steamers to turn around, however the channel was still deep enough to service the industrial area.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Art and Culture

Shag Rock and its environment has been the subject of art since the 19th century.

=Photography=

Shag Rock has been the subject of photographs from as early as 1861.{{cite web |last1=Barker |first1=Alfred Charles |title=Glass Plate Positive Stereograph Slide: Shag Rock |url=https://collection.canterburymuseum.com/objects/221212/glass-plate-positive-stereograph-slide-shag-rock |access-date=20 January 2021 |date=January 1861 |quote=One landscape format black and white glass plate positive stereograph slide depicting a man standing in front of Shag Rock}}{{citation |url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artwork/6965/the-shag-rock-sumner-canterbury |title=The Shag Rock, Sumner, Canterbury |author=William Travers (politician) |publisher=Auckland Art Gallery, New Zealand. |access-date=20 January 2021 |location=Auckland |format=Albumen photographic print|id=Accession no 1988/17/1}}

The Shag Rock, Sumner, Canterbury, a 125 x 183 mm albumen photographic print, showing Shag Rock as an island and the Sumner Road (Peacock's Gallop) before the tramway was constructed. Behind the rocks, there are several moored sailing vessels in the channel on the outgoing tide. Photographed by William Travers. Purchased in 1988 by the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, Accession no 1988/17/1 (Website only; Not on display)
View of Shag Rock at Sumner, near Christchurch. Price, William Archer, 1866-1948 :Collection of post card negatives. Ref: 1/2-000910-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22736213{{cite web |last1=Price |first1=William Archer |title=View of Shag Rock at Sumner, near Christchurch. |url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22736213 |website=National Library of New Zealand (natlib.govt.nz) |publisher=Alexander Turnbull Library |access-date=20 January 2021 |location=Wellington, New Zealand |format=Dry plate glass negative |orig-date=c 1910 |id=/records/22736213}}

=Poetry=

There is an Ode to Shag Rock.

=Visual arts=

Artists who have used Shag Rock in their works include

Charles Decimus Barraud (1822-1897)
Shag Rock, Sumner - An 1869 watercolour of Shag Rock and the Sumner road under the cliffs at Clifton. The work was purchased in 2017 by the Christchurch Art Gallery.{{cite web |last1=Barraud |first1=Chales D |title=Shag Rock, Sumner |url=https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/collection/2017085/charles-decimus-barraud/shag-rock-sumner |website=Christchurch Art Gallery |access-date=13 January 2021 |date=1869 |quote=Purchased 2017 Watercolour 400 x 568mm 2017/085}}
Sumner Rocks, Banks Peninsula - A watercolour tinted wood engraving by the same artist depicting a slightly different scene. Also held by the Christchurch Art Gallery.{{cite web |last1=Barraud |first1=Charles D. |title=Sumner Rocks, Banks Peninsula |url=https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/collection/79-58/charles-decimus-barraud/sumner-rocks-banks-peninsula |website=Christchurch Art Gallery |access-date=13 January 2021 |quote=Original wood-engraving, watercolour tinted 100 x 177mm 79/58}}
William Mathew Hodgkins (1833-1898)
The Shag Rock, Sumner, Christchurch - One of three seaside Sumner scenes by Hodgkins, this work depicts Shag Rock with a sailing vessel in the shipping channel. Held by the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.{{cite web |last1=Hodgkins |first1=William Mathew |title=1833-1898 :The Shag Rock, Sumner, Christchurch |url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/23130029 |website=natlib.govt.nz/ |access-date=13 January 2021 |date=April 1870 |quote=Hodgkins, William Mathew, 1833-1898: The Shag Rock, Sumner, Christchurch [April, 1870?]. Ref: A-027-018. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23130029}}
The Sumner River, Canterbury, from the Cave Rock Dated 1 April 1870, this work depicts two sailing vessels at Sumner, one at anchor, the other at the waters edge, along with small boats on the beach and Shag Rock in the background as seen through a cave opening. .{{cite web |last1=Hodgkins |first1=William Mathew |title=The Sumner River, Canterbury, from the Cave Rock, 1 April 1870. |url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/23054398 |website=natlib.govt.nz/ |access-date=13 January 2021 |date=1 April 1870 |quote=Hodgkins, William Mathew, 1833-1898 :The Sumner River, Canterbury, from the Cave Rock, 1 April 1870. Ref: A-027-016. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23054398}}

=In popular culture=

There is a Dulux paint colour called Shag Rock.{{cite web |title=Dulux Weathershield paint chart |url=https://media.bunnings.co.nz/Product-800x800/95e01036-94e4-4b32-80bd-0acb84aedc58.png |website=www.bunnings.co.nz/dulux-weathershield-10l-ultra-deep-semi-gloss-exterior-paint_p0144851 |publisher=Dulux Paints |access-date=13 January 2021}}{{cite web |title=Shag Rock NZ10H8 |url=https://www.dulux.com.au/specifier/colour/shag-rock |website=Dulux Colour Specifier (dulux.com.au) |publisher=DuluxGroup Ltd. |access-date=13 January 2021}}

==Rogue art==

A "Rogue Art" sculpture of a paper airplane, about a metre long and made from sheet steel, was installed on top of the rock in late February 2020.{{cite news |last1=O'Callaghan |first1=Jody |title='Rogue' art on iconic Christchurch Shag Rock |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/300027093/rogue-art-on-iconic-christchurch-shag-rock |access-date=13 January 2021 |work=The Press |publisher=Stuff |date=3 June 2020}} The artwork appeared in mysterious circumstances overnight and because permission of the local hapu had not been obtained, and they objected, the City Council later removed the artwork by sawing it off at its base and were investigating prosecuting the culprits. The "Rogue Artist" late contacted a local reporter to apologize for their ill-informed actions and explain the artwork was called "Crash but we do not burn – February 22, 2011" and installed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the 2011 Christchurch earthquake.{{cite news |last1=O'Callaghan |first1=Jody |title='Rogue artist' who put sculpture on Shag Rock in darkness says sorry |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/121787059/rogue-artist-who-put-sculpture-on-shag-rock-in-darkness-says-sorry |access-date=6 February 2021 |work=Stuff |date=11 June 2020 |language=en}}

References

Sources

{{cite web |title=Rapanui – Shag Rock |url=https://my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/ti-kouka-whenua/rapanui/ |website=my.christchurchcitylibraries.com |publisher=Christchurch City Libraries |access-date=12 January 2021}}^{- NB:Use with care. This source cites Wikipedia for some content.}
{{cite web |title=Shag Rock |url=https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/39725 |website=NZGB Gazetteer |publisher=New Zealand Geographic Board Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa |access-date=12 January 2021 |ref=NZGB 39725}}