Reasonable accommodation#Islam

Employers and managers are often concerned about the potential cost associated with providing accommodations to employees with disabilities.{{Cite journal | doi=10.1007/s10869-018-9602-5 |doi-access=free | title=The Participation of People with Disabilities in the Workplace Across the Employment Cycle: Employer Concerns and Research Evidence | year=2020 | last1=Bonaccio | first1=Silvia | last2=Connelly | first2=Catherine E. | last3=Gellatly | first3=Ian R. | last4=Jetha | first4=Arif | last5=Martin Ginis | first5=Kathleen A. | journal=Journal of Business and Psychology | volume=35 | issue=2 | pages=135–158 | pmid=32269418 | pmc=7114957 }} However, many accommodations, such as moving an employee to a different desk or changing the work schedule, do not have any direct cash costs (56% in a survey of employers conducted by JANJob Accommodation Network (Updated October 21, 2020). [https://askjan.org/topics/costs.cfm Workplace accommodations: Low cost, high impact]. Retrieved 06/16/2021.), and most others have only one-time costs (e.g., to buy a different style of computer mouse). Accommodation costs may be offset by the savings associated with employing people with disabilities (higher performance, lower turnover costs).{{cite journal | doi=10.15353/cjds.v9i4.669 |doi-access=free | title=Building the "Business Case" for Hiring People with Disabilities | year=2020 | last1=Fisher | first1=Sandra L. | last2=Connelly | first2=Catherine E. | journal=Canadian Journal of Disability Studies | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=71–88 | s2cid=230653928 }}

Rarely, two people will need accommodations that conflict with each other. Creative problem solving may be required to find ways to accommodate both people.{{Cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Maurianne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jnh3EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22conflicting+access+needs%22+disability+accommodation&pg=PT382 |title=Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice |last2=Bell |first2=Lee Anne |last3=Goodman |first3=Diane J. |last4=Shlasko |first4=Davey |last5=Briggs |first5=Rachel R. |last6=Pacheco |first6=Romina |date=2022-08-17 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-64082-3 |language=en |quote=Sometimes participants and/or facilitators may have conflicting access needs. When this happens, facilitators must get creative.}} For example, the United States Department of Justice recommends that if a program serves a person with a service dog and a person who is allergic to dogs, that the program separate them physically, by asking them to stay in different rooms or on opposite sides of the same room.{{Cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=ADA 2010 Revised Requirements: Service Animals |url=https://www.ada.gov/service_animals_2010.htm |access-date=2022-11-16 |website= |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Disability Rights Section}} In some cases, the accommodations that are practical may not be the first choice for all participants. For example, a person who has a hearing impairment may not be able to understand the artificial voice generated by the text-to-speech device used by a person who is unable to speak, so they may have to find a way to communicate that does not rely on that device, even if the non-speaking person would prefer to use that device.{{Cite book |last=Jeffress |first=Michael S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iINSDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22conflicting+access+needs%22+disability+accommodation&pg=PT385 |title=International Perspectives on Teaching with Disability: Overcoming Obstacles and Enriching Lives |date=2018-03-21 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-58461-6 |pages=385 |language=en}}

The laws of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland require employers to make reasonable accommodations for disabled employees,{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=What reasonable adjustments are - Reasonable adjustments at work |url=https://www.acas.org.uk/reasonable-adjustments |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Acas |language=en}} as well as providers of various services (including schools, colleges and universities) to do likewise for disabled pupils, students and service users. This duty originally arose under the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, and is now dealt with by the Equality Act 2010{{Cite web |title=Reasonable adjustments for workers with disabilities or health conditions |url=https://www.gov.uk/reasonable-adjustments-for-disabled-workers |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}} (except in Northern Ireland).{{Cite web |title=Disability equality |url=https://www.equalityni.org/Disability |website=Equality Commission for Northern Ireland}} Failure to do so can give rise to a complaint by an employee to an employment tribunal or to the civil courts or other tribunals (in non-employment contexts).{{Cite book |last=Lawson |first=Anna |author1-link=Anna Lawson |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/216663271 |title=Disability and equality law in Britain: the role of reasonable adjustment |date=2008 |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-84113-828-2 |location=Oxford |pages=119 |oclc=216663271}}

File:Sports Hijab.webm as part of their uniform while participating in physical education classes and team sports programs.]]

In Canada equality rights, as set out in provincial and federal anti-discrimination laws and in section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, require that accommodation be made to various minorities. With a new addition being "family status" being included as well. (The origin of the term reasonable accommodation in Canadian law is found in its labour law jurisprudence, specifically Ontario (Human Rights Commission) v Simpsons-Sears Ltd, [1985] 2 SCR 536, and is argued to be the obligation of employers to change some general rules for certain employees, under the condition that this does not cause "undue hardship".) In Canada reasonable accommodation also means a legal and constitutional concept that requires Canadian public institutions to adapt to the religious and cultural practices of minorities as long as these practices do not violate the other rights and freedoms.

In Québec the Bouchard-Taylor Commission examined the subject of reasonable accommodation due to religious and cultural differences.

{{See also|Timeline of disability rights in the United States}}

In the United States, federal law requires that reasonable accommodations be made by providers of employment, education, or housing; and in courts and other public venues.

File:Niel Elementary School Olympic Week- Paralympic Sports Day (3277241356).jpg

Students are protected against discrimination on the basis of disability under US federal law. Different laws apply to younger students (before high school graduation) and to college students. Younger students are protected by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) as well as other federal laws.{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1038068010 |title=Promoting Safe and Effective Transitions to College for Youth with Mental Health Conditions: A Case-based Guide to Best Practices |date=2018 |others=Adele Martel, Jennifer Derenne, Patricia K. Leebens |isbn=978-3-319-68894-7 |location=Cham, Switzerland |pages=35 |oclc=1038068010}} These students, who may be as young as three years old, may have an Individualized Education Program (IEP) or a 504 plan, both of which are essentially agreements between the students' families and their schools that state what the students' needs are and how those needs will be addressed at school. Younger students are entitled to more support from the school, including some medical and personal services, compared to students attending a college or university, who are entitled only to accommodations necessary due to a disability.{{Cite book |last1=Annamma |first1=Subini A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=taRgEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22flexible+deadlines%22+accommodation&pg=PA39 |title=DisCrit Expanded: Reverberations, Ruptures, and Inquiries |last2=Ferri |first2=Beth A. |last3=Connor |first3=David J. |last4=Artiles |first4=Alfredo J. |date=2022 |publisher=Teachers College Press |isbn=978-0-8077-6634-7 |pages=39–40 |language=en}} For example, a young child might be taught social skills in elementary school, or a teenager might be coached on organizational skills or time management, but after high school, students are not entitled to have schools provide these services. After high school, IDEA no longer applies, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 becomes more relevant.

In special education, a distinction is made between accommodation and modification. An accommodation provides the same educational work, but in a way that accommodates their disabilities. For example, a student with limited vision may be given a large-print book.{{cite report |url=http://www.ofqual.gov.uk/files/Assessment_disabled_international_briefing.pdf |title=Assessment for disabled students: an international comparison |author=Pepper, David |date=25 September 2007 |publisher=Ofqual's Qualifications and Curriculum Authority, Regulation & Standards Division |location=UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815121455/http://education.staffordshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/6C2C3FF2-43F1-40A4-AB6F-77E4CC4602F6/22865/SENCOResourceCentreCompletedocument2.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead}} This student reads the same work of literature as everyone else in the class, but the student is able to see the words on the page because of the larger type. Similarly, a student with an episodic disability (one that occasionally flares up intensely for a brief time) may be allowed, if the student becomes ill just before a deadline, to turn in an assignment a few days late, just like a student who had gotten sick with a viral infection such as COVID-19 or influenza would normally be allowed to turn in an assignment shortly after recovering from the infection.{{Cite web |last=Schuman |first=Rebecca |date=2022-11-28 |title=The Student Accommodation Problem No Professor Wants to Talk About |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/11/flexible-deadlines-accommodations-students-disabilities-college.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Slate Magazine |language=en}} These students do the same work, just on a slightly different schedule. An unlimited exemption from turning in any assignment on time, on the other hand, is "would not be a reasonable accommodation". At the university level, common accommodations include flexible deadlines, recording lectures, extra time on tests for slow readers, taking a test in a quiet room, and receiving a copy of lecture notes taken by another (frequently paid) student.

A modification differs from accommodations by changing the curriculum, usually to make it easier for a student who is unable to complete the normal work. For example, if the class is reading one of Shakespeare's plays, then a student with an intellectual disability may be given a specially simplified, shortened version of the original play.{{cite journal |last1=Thorson |first1=Sue |date=1 November 1995 |title=Macbeth in the Resource Room: Students with Learning Disabilities Study Shakespeare |journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=575–581 |doi=10.1177/002221949502800907 |pmid=8530900 |s2cid=31134468}} This allows the student to participate partially in the regular educational curriculum, but in a way that has been changed because of the student's individual limitations.

The Americans With Disabilities Act, known as ADA, was signed into law on 26 July 1990. It carried forward material from Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. A reasonable accommodation is defined by the US Department of Justice as "change or adjustment to a job or work environment that permits a qualified applicant or employee with a disability to participate in the job application process, to perform the essential functions of a job, or to enjoy benefits and privileges of employment equal to those enjoyed by employees without disabilities."{{Cite book |url=https://archive.ada.gov/taman2.html#II-4.3200 |title=Title II Technical Assistance Manual (Supplement) |publisher=US Department of Justice |year=1993}}

Title II of the ADA provides that "no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subject to discrimination by any such entity".Civil Rights. (2012). US Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved 28 January 2014 from https://www.hhs.gov/ocr/civilrights/understanding/index.html State and local governments must provide reasonable accommodations to ensure such access, unless a fundamental alteration would result.

File:Detectable Warnings.jpg is used to alert blind people to the edge of the sidewalk. This helps people participate in everyday activities, like walking through the neighborhood.]]

Title III of the ADA requires private businesses open to the public and commercial facilities to provide reasonable accommodations to people with disabilities to ensure that they have equal access to goods and services.

Under Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, as amended by the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, codified in the United States Code at 42 USC §§ 3601–3619, and commonly known as the Fair Housing Act, virtually all housing providers must make reasonable accommodations in their rules, policies, practices, or services under certain circumstances. A reasonable accommodation must be granted when such an accommodation is necessary to afford a prospective or existing tenant with a disability an opportunity to use and enjoy a dwelling (including but not limited to apartments, single family homes, and other types of private and public housing) to the same extent as a person who does not have that disability. The Fair Housing Act covers "dwellings", and in many situations that term encompasses such non-traditional housing as homeless shelters and college dormitories. It bears noting that in regard to larger dwellings such as apartment buildings, the right to a reasonable accommodation under the Fair Housing Act requires that housing providers grant a requested reasonable accommodation that is necessary to enable a disabled tenant to enjoy an indoor or outdoor common area to the same extent as a non-disabled tenant enjoys such areas.

• Inclusion (disability rights)
• Interactive accommodation process

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Category:Civil rights and liberties

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