Recitation#Academic recitation

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In academia, recitation is a presentation made by a student to demonstrate knowledge of a subject or to provide instruction to others.{{Cite web|url=https://ucat.osu.edu/bookshelf/teaching-topics/planning-a-class-session/leading-recitation/|title=Leading Recitation - UCAT|website=ucat.osu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-18}} In some academic institutions the term is used for a presentation by a teaching assistant or instructor, under the guidance of a senior faculty member, that supplements course materials. In recitations that supplement lectures, the leader will often review the lecture, expand on the concepts, and carry on a discussion with the students.{{Cite web|url=http://uaap.mit.edu/tutoring-support/study-tips/maximizing-lectures-recitation/optimizing-recitations|title=Optimizing Recitations {{!}} MIT Office of Undergraduate Advising and Academic Programming|website=uaap.mit.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-07-18}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedp.com/article/2015/09/recitations-a-balancing-act-for-students-and-professors|title=Recitations are a balancing act for students and professors|last=Schaedel|first=Sydney|access-date=2018-07-18|language=en-us}}

In its most basic form, a student would recite verbatim poems or essays of others,Pierpont, John (1832) "Preface" The American first class book, or, Exercises in reading and recitation Carter, Hendee & Co., Boston, Massachusetts, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9noSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA3 pages 3-6] {{OCLC|12151137}} either to the teacher or tutor directly, or in front of a class or body of assembled students.

In classes involving mathematics and engineering, a recitation is often used as the vehicle to perform derivations or solve problems similar to those assigned to the students.{{Cite web|url=https://danieltakeshi.github.io/2014/12/27/the-advantage-of-recitations-in-large-lecture-courses/|title=The Advantages of Recitations in Large Lecture Courses|website=danieltakeshi.github.io|access-date=2018-07-18}}

Scientific classes, such as biology, chemistry, and physics, often employ the use of recitation sections to help students clarify subject matter that was either not fully understood or inadequately addressed in the limited time of lecture. These recitation sections may be conducted by the professor or a student teaching assistant. These sections provide students with an opportunity to receive additional instruction on confusing subject matter or receive personal assistance with problems or questions assigned as homework in the lecture section.{{Cite news|url=https://aschonors.osu.edu/preorient/au-preview-2014/classroom/courses-and-time|title=College Courses and Time Management|date=2015-04-09|work=ASC Honors|access-date=2018-07-18|language=en}} Some universities may require attendance at regularly scheduled recitation sections in addition to any required labs.{{Cite news|url=https://advising.unc.edu/for-families/courses-and-schedules/registration/|title=Registration - Academic Advising Program|work=Academic Advising Program|access-date=2018-07-18|language=en-US}} Recitations may also provide students with additional opportunities for receiving grades for the lecture portion of the course. Despite mandatory attendance and additional time spent in the classroom, these sections usually do not count towards university credits required for graduation, but may significantly increase a student's ability to understand important concepts required to pass the course.

Recitations of holy scriptures and prayers are common in the liturgies of Abrahamic religions.Kuipers, Cornelius (1944) "Preface" Christian dialogs and recitations: dialogs, recitations, readings, pageants Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, page 1 and following, {{OCLC|9054621}}Denny, Frederick Mathewson (1989) [http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/4i-ii/2_Denny.pdf "Qur’ān Recitation: A Tradition of Oral Performance and Transmission"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202101916/http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/4i-ii/2_Denny.pdf |date=2017-12-02 }} Oral Tradition 4(1/2): pp. 5-26, page 1"Encounters with Christ" [https://books.google.com/books?id=rKkJs-KHCakC&pg=PA247 page 247] In McGinn, Bernard (2006) The essential writings of Christian mysticism Modern Library, New York,

pp. 246-250, {{ISBN|0-8129-7421-2}}{{cite encyclopedia|last=Martin|first=Richard|date=2005|title=Tilāwah|editor=Jones, Linsay|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion|edition=2nd|volume=13|page=9200|publisher=Macmillan Reference|location=Detroit|isbn=0-02-865982-1}}

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Quran literally means "recitation".Cambridge dictionary: [http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/the-koran koran]Cambridge dictionary: [http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/the-qur-an?q=qur%27an quran] The 1924 Cairo Quran, the Quran that is in "general use" throughout almost all the Muslim world today, is based on the "Ḥafṣ" version ("qira'at") based on ʻAsim's recitation, the 8th-century recitation of Kufa.Böwering, "Recent Research on the Construction of the Quran", 2008: p. 74 ۞Q2:26 [https://quran.com/2?translations=20 Commences with ۞] (1/199) (rubʿ al-ḥizb), an Islamic symbol It uses a system of additional symbols and an elaborate system of modified vowel-signs and for minute details, not identical to any older system.Stefan Wild, "Reading" The Quran: an Encyclopedia, Routledge

Recitation is practiced as a performing art especially in Bangladesh and India. Nowadays it is a popular art form in Bengal. The reciters recite Bengali poems on stage and electronic media. Shambhu Mitra, Kazi Sabyasachi, Pradeep Ghosh, Partha Ghosh, Gouri Ghosh, Utpal Kundu are great reciters from West Bengal. Reciters like Samiran Sanyal, Bratati Bandyopadhyay, Bijoylakshmi Burman, Pinaki Chattopadhyay, Sutapa Bandyopadhyay, Urmimala Basu, Samya Karpha to name a few, are contributing significantly in this field. There are many such organizations of recitation, with most located in Bangladesh.

It was often popular for a poet to recite his or her newly created poetry to an audience. In the early twentieth century, recitation developed into an autonomous art form.

Recitationes were a common way for Roman poets to test and publicize their works.

Accompanied recitations of poetry or dramatic texts, most often for spoken voice and piano, became very popular in nineteenth century Europe as an after dinner entertainment.Marian Wilson Kimber. [https://doi-org.lonlib.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/omo/9781561592630.013.90000380170 'Elocution and Music', in Grove Music Online] (2001) Jacqueline Waeber has explored how, during the 19th century and particularly in Germany, poetic recitation became increasingly 'musicalized' by the addition of musical accompaniments for the Lied and the musical melodrama, as part of a search for new declamatory styles.Jacqueline Waeber. [https://boydellandbrewer.com/9781837652143/speaking-german-musically-poetic-recitation-in-central-europe-1760-1820/#generate-pdf Speaking German Musically: Poetic Recitation in Central Europe, 1760-1820] (2025)

The genre was often looked down on as something for authors and composers of lesser stature, though there are examples by Robert Schumann (Ballads for Declaration, 1850s)'[https://imslp.org/wiki/3_Ballads_for_Declamation,_Opp.106,_122_(Schumann,_Robert) 3 Ballads for Declamation, Opp.106, 122 (Schumann, Robert)]', score at IMSLP, Richard Strauss (Enoch Arden, 1897) and Max von Schillings (Das Hexenlied, 1904).[https://books.google.com/books?id=TqtmlzCDzucC&dq=%22speaker+and+piano%22&pg=PP32 Jeremy Siepmann, The Piano (1998), p. 28] The English composer Stanley Hawley made many such settings, some of which were performed at the first season (1895) of the Henry Wood Proms in London.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/events/works/8e20840d-5ba8-4cb3-bf12-744a32314e74 BBC Proms performance archive] His friend Lena Ashwell was often the performer.Margaret Leask. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wjivz2gVzZ0C&dq=%22stanley+Hawley%22&pg=PT10 Lena Ashwell: Actress, Patriot, Pioneer (2012)]

Facade, an entertainment, poems by Edith Sitwell, music by William Walton is a series of poems which are recited (through a megaphone) over an instrumental accompaniment. The speaker (or speakers) declaim in notated rhythm. It was first performed in 1922.Alison Latham (ed.): The Oxford Companion to Music (2011)

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{{commons category|Recitations in Latin}}

• Jahandarie, Khosrow (1996) Spoken and Written Discourse: a multi-disciplinary perspective Ablex/Greenwood, Stamford, Connecticut, {{ISBN|1-56750-426-4}}
• Warner, Charles Dudley (1899) "School or Entertainment Recitations" Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern J. A. Hill, New York, p. cdlxxx

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