Recovery effect
The recovery effect is a phenomenon observed in battery usage where the available energy is less than the difference between energy charged and energy consumed. Intuitively, this is because the energy has been consumed from the edge of the battery and the charge has not yet diffused evenly around the battery.{{Cite book | last1 = Boker | first1 = U. | last2 = Henzinger | first2 = T. A. | last3 = Radhakrishna | first3 = A. | doi = 10.1145/2535838.2535875 | chapter = Battery transition systems | title = Proceedings of the 41st ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages - POPL '14 | pages = 595 | year = 2014 | isbn = 9781450325448 | s2cid = 14690528 | chapter-url = http://www.faculty.idc.ac.il/udiboker/files/BTS.pdf}}
When power is extracted continuously voltage decreases in a smooth curve, but the recovery effect can result in the voltage partially increasing if the current is interrupted.{{Cite book| first = Allen| last = Fuhs| doi = 10.1201/9781420075359.ch6| chapter = Multifaceted Complexity of Batteries| title = Hybrid Vehicles| year = 2008| doi-broken-date = 2024-11-11| isbn = 978-1-4200-7534-2}}
The KiBaM battery model{{Cite journal| last1 = Manwell| first1 = J. F.| last2 = McGowan| first2 = J. G.| doi = 10.1016/0038-092X(93)90060-2| title = Lead acid battery storage model for hybrid energy systems| journal = Solar Energy| volume = 50| issue = 5| pages = 399| year = 1993| bibcode = 1993SoEn...50..399M}} describes the recovery effect for lead-acid batteries and is also a good approximation to the observed effects in Li-ion batteries.{{Cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=S. K. |last2=Chakraborty |first2=B. |date=2022-07-01 |title=Battery management strategies: An essential review for battery state of health monitoring techniques |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X22004509 |journal=Journal of Energy Storage |volume=51 |pages=104427 |doi=10.1016/j.est.2022.104427 |bibcode=2022JEnSt..5104427P |issn=2352-152X|url-access=subscription }} In some batteries, the gains from the recovery life can extend battery life by up to 45% by alternating discharging and inactive periods rather than constantly discharging.{{Cite journal| last1 = Chau| first1 = C. K.| last2 = Qin| first2 = F.| last3 = Sayed| first3 = S.| last4 = Wahab| first4 = M.| last5 = Yang| first5 = Y.| title = Harnessing battery recovery effect in wireless sensor networks: Experiments and analysis| doi = 10.1109/JSAC.2010.100926| journal = IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications| volume = 28| issue = 7| pages = 1222| year = 2010| citeseerx = 10.1.1.189.3815| s2cid = 18123622}} The size of the recovery effect depends on the battery load, recovery time and depth of discharge.{{Cite journal| last1 = Rakhmatov| first1 = D.| last2 = Vrudhula| first2 = S.| last3 = Wallach| first3 = D. A.| doi = 10.1109/TVLSI.2003.819320| title = A model for battery lifetime analysis for organizing applications on a pocket computer| journal = IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems| volume = 11| issue = 6| pages = 1019| year = 2003}}
Even though the recovery effect phenomenon is prominent in the lead acid battery chemistry, its existence in alkaline, Ni-MH and Li-Ion batteries is still questionable. For instance, a systematic experimental case study{{cite journal| last1=Narayanaswamy| first1=Swaminathan| last2=Schlueter| first2=Steffen| last3=Steinhorst| first3=Sebastian| last4=Lukasiewycz| first4=Martin| last5=Chakraborty| first5=Samarjit| last6=Hoster| first6=Harry Ernst| title=On Battery Recovery Effect in Wireless Sensor Nodes| journal=ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems| date=18 May 2016| volume=21| issue=4| pages=1–28| doi=10.1145/2890501| s2cid=17666250| url=https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/79841/1/HH084_2016_TODAES_On_Battery_Recovery_Effect_in_Wireless_Sensor_Nodes.pdf}} shows that an intermittent discharge current in case of alkaline, Ni-MH and Li-ion batteries results in a decreased usable energy output compared to a continuous discharge current of the same average value. This is primarily due to the increased overpotential experienced due to the high peak currents of the intermittent discharge over the continuous discharge current of same average value.