Red Onion State Prison

Plans were announced in 1992 to build a prison on Red Onion Mountain, with cost of construction estimated at $52 million. 375 acres of land were donated by the Pittston Coal Company, which reserved some rights to mineral extraction. Many residents of Wise County supported constructing the prison because of jobs it would provide and because it would remain relatively isolated. One official said: "It's off the beaten path. You won't even know it's there."[https://www.proquest.com/docview/196352290 Business Journal of Upper East Tennessee and Southwest Virginia] 5(11), December 1992. The prison was designed by Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall, a subdivision of AECOM since 1984.Gordon Wright, "Maximum security", Building Design and Construction 42(2), February 1999; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/210987771 via ProQuest].

The final cost of construction was over $70 million, with ground broken in 1995. As of 1999, the prison employed almost 800 people. Many of the corrections officers arrived at Red Onion after being laid off from jobs in nearby coalfields."Miners' New Prospect Is Prison Guard Jobs", The Washington Post, 16 March 1998. Accessed [https://www.proquest.com/nationalnewspremier/docview/408369585 via ProQuest]. "The state employment office has received more than 3,000 applications for the 403 guard jobs, paying $20,000 a year, at Red Onion State Prison, which will open in July. Many of the applications come from laid-off miners."

Red Onion is one of six new prisons built in Virginia between 1995 and 2000. It thus contributed an increase in capacity to the Virginia Corrections system that allowed the state to contractually accept inmates from outside the state.Judith A. Greene, "[http://www.justicestrategies.org/sites/default/files/Judy/EntrepreneurialCorrections.pdf Entrepreneurial Corrections: Incarceration As A Business Opportunity", in Invisible Punishment], ed. Marc Maurer and Meda Chesney-Lind; New York, The New Press, 2002. In 1999, the District of Columbia Department of Corrections was paying the Virginia Department of Corrections to house 69 prisoners at the Red Onion State Prison. These contracts were substantially reduced in 2004, when VADOC announced that it needed more supermax space for Virginians.Maria Glod, "Va. to Send Out-of-State Inmates Packing; State Says It Needs Space Used by 1,000 Prisoners from Conn., D.C., Elsewhere", The Washington Post, 28 February 2004. In 2011, VADOC reported only 15 out-of-state inmates at Red Onion: two from Pennsylvania and thirteen from the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Red Onion is a "supermax" prison, intended to incarcerate "the worst of the worst." Critics of the prison have alleged that many inmates are sent to Red Onion not because they have committed severe crimes but because they broke rules at other facilities. Some 55% of Red Onion's prisoners have sentences longer than 15 years, and 12% have life sentences.

Red Onion was for many years the home of surviving "Beltway sniper" Lee Boyd Malvo.Josh White, "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/lee-boyd-malvo-10-years-after-dc-area-sniper-shootings-i-was-a-monster/2012/09/29/a1ef1b42-04d8-11e2-8102-ebee9c66e190_story_1.html Lee Boyd Malvo, 10 years after D.C. area sniper shootings: 'I was a monster']", The Washington Post, 29 September 2012. It also used to hold convicted murderer and activist Joseph Giarratano, who for some time was allowed to teach a course on nonviolence.Colman McCarthy, "[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Teaching+peace+from+prison.-a0134955992 Teaching peace from prison]", National Catholic Reporter, 29 July 2005.

More than two-thirds of prisoners at Red Onion are held in solitary confinement, or "segregation". They are confined to their cells 23 hours per day in 8’ x 10’ cells with 6” x 24” windows for light. Length of confinement ranges from two weeks to fourteen years.Anita Kumar, "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/va-prisons-use-of-solitary-confinement-is-scrutinized/2011/11/28/gIQAkKHuhP_story.html Va. prisons’ use of solitary confinement is scrutinized]", The Washington Post, 7 January 2012.Peter Finn, "Two New Prisons Rise for Virginia's Toughest Convicts; Abolition of Parole Results In `Super-Maximum' Facilities", The Washington Post, 23 June 1997; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/408340590 via ProQuest]. Food and medicine are served through trays in the cell door.

Opportunities for education and work are more limited than in most prisons due to the higher security level; however, Red Onion offers janitorial work, a GED program, and a literacy program. The prison uses a video education system which allows the playing of prerecorded video files over 5" CCTV screens."[http://community.nicic.gov/cfs-filesystemfile.ashx/__key/CommunityServer.Blogs.Components.WeblogFiles/nic.metablogapi/2117.SuperMaxBestPractices.021424_5F00_19155312.pdf Red Onion State Prison: Best Practices in SuperMax/Extended Control/Special Management Units]", Virginia Department of Corrections, accessed 8 November 2012. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131213115047/http://community.nicic.gov/cfs-filesystemfile.ashx/__key/CommunityServer.Blogs.Components.WeblogFiles/nic.metablogapi/2117.SuperMaxBestPractices.021424_5F00_19155312.pdf Archive])James Careless, "Red Onion State Prison improves inmate video education system", Government Video 18(6), May 2007; [https://www.proquest.com/docview/199500997 accessed via] ProQuest

The facility was designed to minimize contact between corrections officers and prisoners as well as among prisoners.

{{See also|Torture in the United States#Domestic police and prisons}}

A 1999 report by Human Rights Watch raised concerns over conditions in Red Onion. The report states that "Virginia Department of Corrections has failed to embrace basic tenets of sound correctional practice and laws protecting inmates from abusive, degrading or cruel treatment"Jamie Fellner, "[https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/redonion/ Red Onion State Prison: Super-Maximum Security Confinement in Virginia]", Human Rights Watch, April 1999. and claims that "racism, excessive violence and inhumane conditions reign inside." In 2001, Amnesty International released another report citing human rights violations at Red Onion."[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/3b83b70a15.pdf United States of America: Abuses continue unabated? Cruel and inhumane treatment at Virginia supermaximum security prisons]", Amnesty International, 1 May 2001.

Critics note that Red Onion's solitary confinement rate is the highest in the Virginia prison system. A reported 173 of the prisoners in solitary confinement have been diagnosed with mental illnesses, and some contend that isolation exacerbates their conditions and limits their ability to get treatment.

File:ControlUnitTorture.jpg

The reports also cite the use of firearms with live ammunition by guards (an unusual practice in American prisons), which has led to inmate injuries. They also object to the use of electroshock weapons by guards. Critics also point to "five point restraints" as an instance of cruel punishment. These are devices that guards use to physically restrain inmates. They are officially used to limit movement of prisoners who threaten themselves or others, but critics such as Amnesty International have argued that guards use them for punishment and torture.

Mac Gaskins, a prisoner at Red Onion for fourteen years, reported: "having your fingers broken inside of these places, being bitten by dogs, being strapped to beds for days, as we've talked about many times, being forced to defecate on yourself – I mean all of this has led to these men demanding to be treated as human beings. It's like if you are put inside prison, you forfeit that right to be treated as a human being." Gaskins also reported that prisoners were denied access to soap, toothpaste, and books. Kevin "Rashid" Johnson, prison artist and organizer, has for years reported multiple instances of brutality and mistreatment from officers.Kevin "Rashid" Johnson, "[http://sfbayview.com/2012/from-bad-to-worse/ From bad to worse]", San Francisco Bay View, 29 January 2012.

Advocates for Red Onion prisoners also note that the majority of those incarcerated are African Americans from Richmond or Northern Virginia, whereas most of the corrections officers are whites from Appalachia. It is suggested that this racial disparity leads to active racism which exacerbates the human rights abuses.

Human Rights Watch complained that much was still unknown about the prison, as a result of the difficulty of seeing inside or communicating with prisoners. Mother Jones reported that inmates were required to wear electroshock "stun belts" while meeting with outside investigators."[https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2000/03/outfront Shocking Discipline]", Mother Jones, March/April 2000.

Inmate Kawaski Bass died after being attacked by another prisoner in his cell on September 9, 2011.{{cite report|title=Va. Inmate Dies After Attack|publisher=The Daily Progress| url=http://www.newsplex.com/home/headlines/Va_Inmate_Dies_After_Attack_129546263.html}} His family accuses the warden and guards on duty of ignoring screams for help, and has filed a lawsuit against them, Red Onion State Prison, and the state of Virginia.Michael Owens, "[http://www.tricities.com/news/article_b79af3b8-2d08-5e7c-964b-6b5c84f33370.html Family suing state, Red Onion Prison for death of inmate]", Bristol Herald-Courier (TriCities.com), 15 July 2012.

Prison officials confirm that isolation is normal at Red Onion, but argue that they do not engage in the cruel practice known as "solitary confinement". They also disagree with complaints about access and say that prisoners can receive visits from attorneys, and from family and friends for four hours a month.

Former Governor Bob McDonnell stated: "People behind bars have civil rights. At the same time, we have a duty to promote public safety. If people show, even in prison, that they can't get along with other prisoners, then they are treated accordingly." Former VADOC director Ronald J. Angelone, during whose term (1994–2002) Red Onion was designed and opened, defended the supermax system as necessary to avoid violence, saying: "There is no Department of Corrections magic wand that makes them decent human beings while in prison. They have to be housed appropriately so that the employees and the other inmates aren't subjected to violent behavior."Craig Timberg, "Virginia Rethinking Hard-Core Prisons; Effect on Inmates Could Backfire", The Washington Post, 27 April 1999, accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/408455825 via ProQuest].

Former Virginia state senator Kenneth W. Stolle, who served as chairman of the Virginia State Crime Commission, has argued that rehabilitation at Red Onion is less important because so many prisoners serve life sentences, saying: "If they're getting out, obviously we have a responsibility to make sure they at least have an opportunity to be functioning members of society. Most people envisioned that Red Onion and Wallens Ridge were going to be dedicated to people with life sentences." The state announced that it would restrict the use of restraints as punishment in response to the report from Human Rights Watch.Bill Miller, "Va. Alters Prison Policy to Cut Use of Restraints", The Washington Post, 9 February 2001; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/409081444 via ProQuest].

Responding to the report from Human Rights Watch, the U.S. Department of Justice announced that in October 2000 that it would open an investigation.Maria Glod, "U.S. Investigates Virginia Prison; Red Onion Inmates' Allegations Involve Excessive Force", The Washington Post, 3 October 2000; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/nationalnewspremier/docview/409022151 via ProQuest]. The Virginia Department of Corrections announced plans in March 2012 to review solitary confinement policies at Red Onion. A Washington Post report suggested that this announcement would continue to postpone action by the Department of Justice.Anita Kumar, "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/virginia-plans-changes-in-prisoner-isolation-process/2012/03/30/gIQAMzpFmS_story.html Virginia plans changes in prisoner isolation process]", The Washington Post, 30 March 2012.

On May 22, 2012, inmates in Red Onion began a hunger strike to bring "abusive prison conditions to light".{{cite report|title=Solidarity with Virginia Prison Hunger Strikers| url=http://virginiaprisonstrike.blogspot.com/}} The prisoners said: "Regardless of sexual preference, gang affiliation, race and religion, there are only two classes at this prison: the oppressor and the oppressed. We the oppressed are coming together. We're considered rival gang members, but now we're coming together as revolutionaries. We're tired of being treated like animals."Mary Ratcliff, "[http://sfbayview.com/2012/prisoners-at-virginias-red-onion-state-prison-on-hunger-strike/ Prisoners at Virginia’s Red Onion State Prison on hunger strike]", San Francisco Bay View, 27 May 2012. Inmates issued 10 demands including "fully cooked food", "unrestricted access to complaint and grievance forms", "an adequate standard of living", and "adequate medical care".{{cite report|title=Ten Demands of ROSP Hunger Strikers| url=http://virginiaprisonstrike.blogspot.com/2012/05/prisoner-demands.html}}{{cite news |title=Virginia inmates embark on hunger strike to protest prison conditions |author=Anita Kumar |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/virginia-inmates-embark-on-hunger-strike-to-protest-prison-conditions/2012/05/22/gIQAbLg0iU_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 22, 2012 |accessdate=May 22, 2012}}

Red Onion officials stated that the hunger strike ended within a week.Anita Kumar, "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/virginia-politics/post/hunger-strike-at-red-onion-prison-has-ended-state-officials-say/2012/05/29/gJQAyuOkyU_blog.html Hunger strike at Red Onion prison has ended, state officials say]", The Washington Post 29 May 2012. Supporters of the strikers challenged these reports and contended that the prison has taken pains to isolate and silence strike leaders in order to discourage communication with the outside world.Rania Khalek, "[http://truth-out.org/news/item/9624-hunger-strikers-at-virginia-supermax-face-retaliation-for-protest-against-torturous-conditions Hunger Strikers at Virginia Supermax Face Retaliation for Protest Against Torturous Conditions]", Truthout, 6 June 2012.

On May 25, 2022, DeAndre Gordon self-immolated in order to be transferred to a different prison due to racism and other abuses he suffered. He sustained 3rd degree burns to his leg.{{cite news |title=Advocates say there's a need for greater prison oversight, lawmakers are considering options |author=Sandy Hausman |url=https://www.wvtf.org/news/2024-01-24/prisoner-sets-himself-on-fire-to-escape-brutal-guards-lawmakers-consider-greater-oversight |newspaper=Virginia Public Radio |date=January 24, 2024 |accessdate=November 19, 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Wilayto |first1=Phil |title=Crisis & Cover-up at Red Onion Super-Max |url=https://virginiadefender.org/2024/11/09/crisis-cover-up-at-red-onion-super-max/ |website=The Virginia Defender |access-date=2 December 2024}}

On September 15, 2024, Ekong Eshiet and Trayvon Brown, two black inmates at Red Onion State Prison, set themselves on fire while in solitary confinement to demand an end to the unbearable isolation, racism, and brutality. Both survived. According to Eshiet's mother in an interview after the incident, “Officers have withheld [Eshiet’s] medication, spit in his food, taken his lifeline to the outside world, his tablet, violated his Quran, and used racial slurs,” Ekong, himself, appeared on a PrisonRadio show where he revealed his reasons why he self-immolated.{{cite news |title=Two Men Attempt Self-Immolation at Virginia State Prison... |author=Sara Vogel |url=https://solitarywatch.org/2024/11/13/two-men-attempt-self-immolation-at-virginia-state-prisonand-other-news-on-solitary-confinement-this-week/ |newspaper=Solitary Watch |date=November 13, 2024 |accessdate=November 19, 2024}}

Two other men, Demetrius Wallace and Charles Coleman, stated they burned themselves in 2024. The former wrote, “Lastly on August (sic “Aug”) 23, 2024 while being housed in solitary confinement being arrested and threatened by several prison officials, being denied showers and given trays with no food on them… I set the top of my foot on fire in desperation to get off the compound and have something done about what I was going through. This caused me to receive third-degree burns and undergo two surgeries and receive a skin graft.” {{cite news |title=Special report: Inside Virginia's prisons. Messages from 3 of the men who burned themselves at Red Onion. I set myself on fire! Dec. 12, 2024. |author=Demetrius Wallace |newspaper=The Virginia Defender |page=21 |date=Winter–Spring 2025}}

After news reports of six inmates self-immolating, on November 27, 2024, the director of the Virginia Department of Corrections issued a statement claiming that the reports were "nothing more than bad-faith efforts to try to score cheap political points by advocacy groups". They then denied that any inmates self-immolated at all, saying "To be clear, these inmates did not set themselves on fire or self-immolate, as some reports have ludicrously suggested." The Department then affirmed that all prisoners who were burned during the alleged incidents had received proper care, saying, "Some of the inmates were treated for burns at the Department’s secure medical facility at the VCU Medical Center and cleared to return to the facility, while others did not require outside medical treatment." The Department also stated that, despite their assertion that the inmates did not self-immolate, that "All six inmates have been referred to mental health staff for treatment" and "several of these inmates have a history of engaging in self-harm."{{cite web |last1=McAuley |first1=Kendal |title=VADOC releases statement after 6 inmates burn themselves at Red Onion State Prison |url=https://www.wric.com/news/virginia-news/vadoc-releases-statement-after-6-inmates-burn-themselves-at-red-onion-state-prison/ |website=ABC 8 News Virginia |access-date=1 December 2024}}{{cite news |title=Concerns Raised About Red Onion State Prison |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83AC-y6KEN4 |access-date=2 December 2024 |agency=WDJB 7 News Virginia |publisher=YouTube}}{{cite news |title=Why are men jailed at a US prison settings themselves alight? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/podcasts/2024/11/27/why-are-men-jailed-at-a-us-prison-setting-themselves-alight |access-date=23 December 2024 |agency=Al Jazeera}}

• Jorge Avila-Torrez (born 1988), serial killer
• Robert C. Gleason (1970–2013), serial killer; murdered two inmates; was transferred to Greensville Correctional Center{{Cite web |title=Robert Charles Gleason Jr. #1321 |url=http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/gleason1321.htm |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.clarkprosecutor.org}}
• Lee Boyd Malvo - One of the two 2002 D.C. Snipers who killed 17 people, he was transferred from Red Onion State Prison to Keen Mountain Correctional Center in 2024.{{Cite web |date=2004-03-09 |title=Judge affirms life in prison for Malvo |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4485399 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=NBC News |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2006-11-08 |title=Maryland Sentences Malvo To Life - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/maryland-sentences-malvo-to-life/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/crime/dc-sniper-lee-boyd-malvo-moved-maximum-security-prison-oakwood-virginia/65-2c2f7cb9-3bd7-47c0-9760-899202a69cfe

{{Portal|Virginia}}

• Solitary: Inside Red Onion State Prison, HBO documentary film

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Category:Supermax prisons

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