Regional Internet registry#Local Internet registry
{{short description|Organization responsible for managing network numbering}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Number Resource Organization
| logo = File:NRO logo.PNG
| type = Internet governance
| origins = 1992 RIPE NCC begins distributing addresses
2003 letter from RIRs to ICANN
2004 Memorandum of Understanding
| area_served = Worldwide
| focus = providing a coordinated Internet number registry system
supporting the multi-stakeholder model
| method = coordinating joint activities of regional internet registries
| founded_date = 1992 (RIPE NCC)
1993 (APNIC)
1997 (ARIN)
1999 (LACNIC)
2003 (NRO)
2004 (AFRINIC)
| Non-profit_slogan =
| homepage =
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Internet |expanded=Governance}}
A regional Internet registry (RIR) is an organization that manages the allocation and registration of Internet number resources within a region of the world. Internet number resources include IP addresses and autonomous system (AS) numbers.
Image:Regional Internet Registries world map.svg
The regional Internet registry system evolved, eventually dividing the responsibility for management to a registry for each of five regions of the world. The regional Internet registries are informally liaised through the unincorporated Number Resource Organization (NRO), which is a coordinating body to act on matters of global importance.{{Cite web |title=About the NRO |url=https://nro.net/ |publisher=Number Resource Organization |access-date=2023-07-26 |archive-date=2023-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706045204/https://www.nro.net/ |url-status=live }}
As of 2005, there are currently five regional registries:
- The African Network Information Centre (AFRINIC) is based in Ebene, Mauritius and serves all of Africa.{{Cite web |url=https://www.afrinic.net/ |title=African Network Information Centre |access-date=2018-12-25 |archive-date=2011-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223003539/http://afrinic.net/ |url-status=live }}
- The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is based in Chantilly, Virginia, United States and serves Antarctica, Canada, the United States, and some Caribbean countries and territories.{{Cite web |url=https://www.arin.net/ |title=American Registry for Internet Numbers |access-date=2018-02-03 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222114548/https://www.arin.net/ |url-status=live }}
- The Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) is based in Brisbane, Australia and serves East, South and Southeast Asia and Oceania.{{Cite web |url=https://www.apnic.net/ |title=Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre |access-date=2018-12-25 |archive-date=2011-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219233920/http://www.apnic.net/ |url-status=live }}
- The Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre (LACNIC) is based in Montevideo, Uruguay and serves Latin America as well as some Caribbean countries.{{Cite web |url=https://www.lacnic.net/ |title=Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre |access-date=2018-12-25 |archive-date=2022-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608212458/https://www.lacnic.net/ |url-status=live }}
- Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) is based in Amsterdam, Netherlands and serves Central and West Asia, Europe, and Russia.{{Cite web |url=https://www.ripe.net/ |title=RIPE Network Coordination Centre |access-date=2018-12-25 |archive-date=2011-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223183945/http://www.ripe.net/ |url-status=live }}
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Regional Internet registries are components of the Internet Number Registry System, which is described in IETF RFC 7020,{{cite ietf |rfc=7020|title=The Internet Numbers Registry System |last1=Housley |first1=R. |last2=Curran |first2=J. |last3=Huston |first3=G |last4=Conrad |first4=D. |date=August 2013 |publisher=IETF}} where IETF stands for the Internet Engineering Task Force. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) delegates Internet resources to the RIRs who, in turn, follow their regional policies to delegate resources to their customers, which include Internet service providers and end-user organizations.{{Cite journal |last=Coleman |first=Liv |date=2013-04-16 |title="We Reject: Kings, Presidents, and Voting": Internet Community Autonomy in Managing the Growth of the Internet |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331681.2012.749823 |journal=Journal of Information Technology & Politics |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=171–189 |doi=10.1080/19331681.2012.749823 |s2cid=145227402 |issn=1933-1681 |access-date=2022-09-08 |archive-date=2023-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212230710/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331681.2012.749823 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} Collectively, the RIRs participate in the Number Resource Organization (NRO),{{Cite web |url=https://www.nro.net/ |title=Number Resource Organization |access-date=2018-12-25 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035316/https://www.nro.net/ |url-status=live }} formed as a body to represent their collective interests, undertake joint activities, and coordinate their activities globally. The NRO has entered into an agreement with ICANN for the establishment of the Address Supporting Organisation (ASO),{{Cite web |url=https://aso.icann.org/ |title=The Address Supporting Organization |access-date=2018-12-25 |archive-date=2018-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219000717/https://aso.icann.org/ |url-status=live }} which undertakes coordination of global IP addressing policies within the ICANN framework.
Number Resource Organization
The Number Resource Organization (NRO) is an unincorporated organization uniting the five RIRs. It came into existence on October 24, 2003, when the four existing RIRs entered into a memorandum of understanding (MoU) in order to undertake joint activities, including joint technical projects and policy coordination. The youngest RIR, AFRINIC, joined in April 2005.
The NRO's main objectives are to:
- Protect the unallocated IP number resource pool.
- Promote and protect the bottom-up policy development process of the Internet.
- Serve as a focal point for the Internet community to provide input on the RIR system.
Local Internet registry
A local Internet registry (LIR) is an organization that has been allocated a block of IP addresses by a RIR, and that assigns most parts of this block to its own customers.{{Cite web |title=Number Resource Policy Manual |url=https://www.arin.net/participate/policy/nrpm/ |access-date=2019-07-10 |website=www.arin.net |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726145405/https://www.arin.net/participate/policy/nrpm/ |url-status=live }} Most LIRs are Internet service providers, enterprises, or academic institutions. Membership in a regional Internet registry is required to become a LIR.