Rehabilitation Services Administration

Prior to the establishment of the RSA, the passage of legislation played a key role in laying the groundwork for the federal and state partnership. The Smith-Hughes Act in 1917 helped to establish the Federal Board for Vocational Education, which would later regulate the veteran and civilian vocational rehabilitation programs. Coinciding with World War I, The Federal Board for Vocational Education oversaw a vocational rehabilitation program for disabled veterans under the Soldier's Rehabilitation Act of 1918. In 1920, the Smith-Fess Act (the Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act) expanded the purview of the Federal Board for Vocational Rehabilitation to oversee a civilian vocational rehabilitation program to be funded on a 50-50 matching basis with the states. Congress would need to periodically vote to extend funding because it was not permanent at this time.{{cite web |title=Vocational rehabilitation: history and practice |date=7 May 2017 |website=Vocational rehabilitation: history and practice |url=http://people.cehd.tamu.edu/~telliott/documents/VocationalRehab%20chapter.pdf }}

The Randolph–Sheppard Act in 1936 and the Wagner-O'Day Act in 1938 helped to prioritize employment of visually impaired individuals to operate vending stands in federal buildings, and required federal agencies to buy certain products from nonprofit organizations that employed people who are blind, respectively. These acts gave way to the establishment of the National Industries for the Blind. The National Industries for the Blind employed blind Americans who made and sold products under the business name Skilcraft.

In 1954, Public Law 565{{cite web |title=Public Law 565 |date=7 May 2017 |website=U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-68/pdf/STATUTE-68-Pg652.pdf }} increased the 50-50 matched funding from the federal government to 3 federal dollars for every 2 state dollars, and expanded services to those with intellectual disabilities. The Act authorized grants for research and educational training for rehabilitation counselors-to-be in universities. As the Director of the U.S. Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, Mary Switzer released funds for more than 100 university-based rehabilitation-related programs and was a strong advocate for improving quality of life for people with disabilities.{{cite web|title=Disability History Timeline |date=7 May 2017 |website=Institute on Disabilities at Temple University |url=http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220065328/http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}{{cite book |title=Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering |date=7 May 2017 |website=Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering |isbn=9780309162500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLlTAgAAQBAJ&q=rehabilitation+services+administration+predecessor&pg=PT54 |last1=Medicine |first1=Institute of |publisher=National Academies Press }}

In 1965, Public Law 89-333{{cite web |title=Public Law 89-333 |date=7 May 2017 |website=U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-79/pdf/STATUTE-79-Pg1282.pdf }} expanded federal funding to a 75-25 ratio. It also removed economic need as a requirement for services.

In 1972 the first versions of the Rehabilitation Act were passed by Congress, but vetoed by President Richard Nixon - once in October 1972{{cite web |title=376 - Memorandum of Disapproval of Nine Bills. |date=7 May 2017 |website=The American Presidency Project |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3659 }} and then again in March 1973.{{cite web |title=91 - Veto of the Vocational Rehabilitation Bill. |date=7 May 2017 |website=The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/veto-the-vocational-rehabilitation-bill}} President Nixon eventually signed the bill, called the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and sponsored by Representative John Brademas, into law on September 26, 1973. One of the key pieces in the law is Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act that says “no otherwise qualified handicapped individual in the United States shall solely on the basis of his handicap, be excluded from the participation, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.” {{cite web |title=REHABILITATION ACT OF 1973 |date=7 May 2017 |website=The U.S. Department of Education |url=https://www2.ed.gov/policy/speced/leg/rehab/rehabilitation-act-of-1973-amended-by-wioa.pdf }} This means that any organization or program that receives federal funding cannot discriminate against disabled individuals. One of the main purposes of the Act is to provide a statutory basis for the Rehabilitation Services Administration, who helps to develop and maintain federal regulations for individuals with disabilities and their families to help them find jobs and live independently. The RSA is the main agency responsible for carrying out Titles I (Vocational Rehabilitation Services), III (Professional Development and Special Projects and Demonstrations ), VI (Employment Opportunities for Individuals with Disabilities) and VII (Independent Living Services and Centers for Independent Living), as well as specified portions of Title V (Rights and Advocacy) of the Rehabilitation Act.

The Rehabilitation Act continued to evolve; in 1986, Public Law 99-506{{cite web |title=Public Law 99-506 |date=7 May 2017 |website=U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-100/pdf/STATUTE-100-Pg1807.pdf }} helped it to refine and focus services offered to those with the most severe disabilities. Supported employment was also defined as a “legitimate rehabilitation outcome”. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 helped to influence additional legislation like the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. In 1998, the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) impacted programs like the RSA, and according to RSA's website, was intended to strengthen and improve the nation's public workforce development system and help Americans with significant barriers to employment, including individuals with disabilities, into high quality jobs and careers and help employers hire and retain skilled workers. In 2014, the Workforce Innovation & Opportunity Act (WIOA) was signed into law and amended the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Additionally, WIOA also introduced Pre-Employment Transition Services for high school youth, aged 14–21, to teach 5 cores services. These services are: Job Exploration Counseling, Counseling on Post Secondary Educational Opportunities, Self Advocacy, Workplace Readiness and Work based Learning Experiences. Title IV of WIOA amended title I of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.{{cite web |title=Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act |date=7 May 2017 |website=The U.S. Department of Education |url=https://rsa.ed.gov/display.cfm?pageid=441 }} Under the WIOA, the Governor of each State or Territory must submit a Unified or Combined State Plan to the U.S. Department of Labor that outlines a four-year strategy for the State's workforce development system. Each state's four-year plan is available on the RSA's website and requires many governmental agencies to work together to review and approve the states’ plans.{{cite web |title=Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act State Plans |date=7 May 2017 |website=The U.S. Department of Education |url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/rsa/wioa/state-plans/index.html }}

• [https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/rsa/publications/annual-report.htmlRSA Annual Reports 1999-2013]
• [https://rsa.ed.gov/choose.cfm?menu=mb_reports_arr RSA Annual Review Reports on state performance 2010-2015]
• [https://rsa.ed.gov/emerging-practices.cfm RSA Emerging Practices]
• [https://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/rehab/standards.html Evaluation Standards and Performance Indicators for the Vocational Rehabilitation Services Program]
• [https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/rsa/publications/functional-limitations.html RSA Functional Limitations of Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) Consumers -- Final Report]
• [https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/rsa/publications/longitudinal-study.html RSA Longitudinal Study of the Vocational Rehabilitation Services Program]
• [https://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/rehab/107-reports/index.html RSA Monitoring of the Vocational Rehabilitation Program -- Required under Section 107]
• [https://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/research/pubs/vrbriefs/index.html RSA VR Research in Brief]
• [https://www2.ed.gov/programs/rsabvrs/wall-chart.html RSA Wall Chart of State Vocational Rehabilitation Performance]
• [https://www2.ed.gov/policy/speced/leg/rehab/eval-studies.html RSA Evaluation Studies]
• [https://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/rehab/911-data.html RSA Supporting Information for the RSA-911 Data]

• Timeline of disability rights in the United States
• Disability in the United States
• Rehabilitation counseling

{{Reflist}}

• [http://rsa.ed.gov/ RSA official web portal]
• [https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget17/justifications/i-rehab.pdf Department of Education: Rehabilitation Services and Disability Research Fiscal Year 2017 Budget Request]
• [https://www.ada.gov/cguide.htm A Guide to Disability Rights Laws]
• [http://www.pacer.org/publications/adaqa/adaqa.asp The Rehabilitation Act and ADA Connection]
• [https://www.in.gov/fssa/files/History_and_Regulations.pdf Legislative History of the American State-Federal Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) Program]
• [http://rds.colostate.edu/history-of-legislation Colorado State University Disability Awareness History of Legislation]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20111104023828/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AboutFDA/WorkingatFDA/UCM277757.pdf State Vocational Rehabilitation Agency]
• [https://vimeo.com/24155894 Facts are Stubborn Things: Employment and Disability for a New Century]
• [https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/disability U.S. Department of Labor Disability Resources]
• [https://www.doleta.gov/disability/ U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration Disability Online]

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Category:Rehabilitation medicine organizations based in the United States

Category:United States Department of Education agencies

Category:Vocational rehabilitation