Reindeer Act

{{Infobox U.S. legislation

| shorttitle = Reindeer Act

| longtitle = An Act to provide subsistence for the Eskimos and other natives of Alaska by establishing for them a permanent and self-sustaining economy; to encourage and develop native activity in all branches of the reindeer industry; and for other purposes.

| nickname = Reindeer Industry Act of 1937

| enacted by = 75th

| effective date = September 1, 1937

| public law url = http://legisworks.org/congress/75/publaw-413.pdf

| cite public law = 75-413

| cite statutes at large = {{usstat|50|900}}

| title amended = 25 U.S.C.: Indians

| sections created = {{Usc-title-chap|25|14|VII}} § 500 et seq.

| introducedin = Senate

| introducedbill = {{USBill|75|S.|1722}}

| introducedby = Elmer Thomas (D-OK)

| introduceddate = May 6, 1937

| committees = Senate Indian Affairs, House Rules, House Territories

| passedbody1 = Senate

| passeddate1 = May 10, 1937

| passedvote1 = Passed

| passedbody2 = House

| passeddate2 = August 20, 1937

| passedvote2 = Passed

| agreedbody3 = Senate

| agreeddate3 = August 21, 1937

| agreedvote3 = Passed

| signedpresident = Franklin D. Roosevelt

| signeddate = September 1, 1937

}}

The Reindeer Act or Reindeer Industry Act of 1937 is a United States federal law passed in 1937 by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on September 1 of that year. The act effectively prohibited the ownership of reindeer herds in Alaska by non-Native Americans. The act was intended to provide for Alaskan natives and to allow them to establish a self-sustaining industry.{{cite web|title=25 USC § 500 - Purpose|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/25/500|publisher=Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute|accessdate=25 February 2013}} Authority to promulgate rules regarding the ownership and maintenance of reindeer herds was delegated to the Bureau of Indian Affairs via the Secretary of the Interior, who banned most transactions to non-natives.{{cite web|title=Reindeer in Alaska|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2004/03/11/04-5467/reindeer-in-alaska|publisher=Federal Register|accessdate=25 February 2013|date=March 11, 2004}}

The act was modeled in part on Norwegian and Swedish policies on the ownership of reindeer by the Sami people of Lapland. Many Sami had arrived in Alaska to manage the reindeer in the 1930s. The Alaskan Sami were required to sell their herds to the government, and many left Alaska after doing so.{{cite web|title=Alaska Chronology 1930-1939|url=http://www.baiki.org/content/alaskachron/1930.htm|publisher=International Sami Journal|accessdate=25 February 2013}}{{Cite journal |last=Willis |first=Roxanne |date=2006-08-01 |title=A New Game in the North: Alaska Native Reindeer Herding, 1890–1940 |url=https://academic.oup.com/whq/article-abstract/37/3/277/1943965?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Western Historical Quarterly |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=277–301 |doi=10.2307/25443371 |issn=0043-3810}}

For sixty years the Reindeer Act maintained a native and government monopoly in live reindeer in Alaska. By 1989 the regulations were challenged in court, resulting in a legal distinction between reindeer imported after 1937 by non-Natives and the Native herds. Between 1937 and 1940, the herd population declined drastically as reindeer joined native herds of caribou or were lost on the range. A 1997 decision opened ownership to non-natives.{{cite news

|url=http://www.cep.unt.edu/ISEE/n10-4-99.htm|title=Playing reindeer games: Native Alaskans and the Federal Trust Doctrine|accessdate=2008-10-24|last=Dillingham|first=Terese|publisher=Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review|year=1999}}