Reinhold Hoppe
{{short description|German mathematician}}
Ernst Reinhold Eduard Hoppe (November 18, 1816 – May 7, 1900) was a German mathematician who worked as a professor at the University of Berlin.{{NDB|9|614|615| Reinhold Hoppe||last=Biermann|first= Kurt R.|116982039}}
Education and career
Hoppe was a student of Johann August Grunert at the University of Greifswald, graduating in 1842 and becoming an English and mathematics teacher. He completed his doctorate in 1850 in Halle and his habilitation in mathematics in 1853 in Berlin under Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet. He also tried to obtain a habilitation in philosophy at the same time, but was denied until a later re-application in 1871. He worked at Berlin as a privatdozent, and then after 1870 as a professor, but with few students and little remuneration.
When Grunert died in 1872, Hoppe took over the editorship of the mathematical journal founded by Grunert, the Archiv der Mathematik und Physik. Hoppe in turn continued as editor until his own death, in 1900.{{citation
| last = Schreiber | first = Peter
| editor1-last = Goldstein | editor1-first = Catherine |editor1-link = Catherine Goldstein
| editor2-last = Gray | editor2-first = Jeremy
| editor3-last = Ritter | editor3-first = Jim
| contribution = Johann August Grunert and his Archiv der Mathematik und Physik as an integrative factor of everyone's mathematics in the middle of the nineteenth century
| location = Paris
| mr = 1770139
| pages = 431–444
| publisher = Ed. Maison des Sci. de l'Homme
| title = Mathematical Europe: History, myth, identity
| year = 1996}}. See in particular [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Ri46VxE7Pc0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA435 pp. 435–437]. In 1890, Hoppe was one of the 31 founding members of the German Mathematical Society.{{citation|title=Zielsetzung|url=https://dmv.mathematik.de/index.php/dmv/zielsetzung|publisher=German Mathematical Society|access-date=2015-08-19}}.
Contributions
Hoppe wrote over 250 scientific publications, including one of the first textbooks on differential geometry.
His accomplishments in geometry include rediscovering the higher-dimensional regular polytopes (previously discovered by Ludwig Schläfli),{{citation|title=Mathematics of the 19th Century: Geometry, Analytic Function Theory|first1=Andrei N.|last1=Kolmogorov|first2=Adolf-Andrei P.|last2=Yushkevich|publisher=Birkhäuser|year=2012|isbn=9783034891738|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTYDCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81}}.
and coining the term "polytope".{{citation
| last = Coxeter
| first = H. S. M.
| authorlink = Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter
| isbn = 0-486-61480-8
| page = [https://archive.org/details/regularpolytopes0000coxe/page/ vi]
| publisher = Dover
| title = Regular Polytopes
| year = 1973
}}. In 1880 he published a closed-form expression for all triangles with consecutive integer sides and rational area, also known as almost-equilateral Heronian triangles.{{citation|title=A triangle with integral sides and area|first=H. W.|last=Gould|journal=Fibonacci Quarterly|pages=27–39|date=February 1973|volume=11|issue=1|url=http://www.mathstat.dal.ca/FQ/Scanned/11-1/gould.pdf}}. He is sometimes credited with having proven Isaac Newton's conjecture on the kissing number problem, that at most twelve congruent balls can touch a central ball of the same radius, but his proof was incorrect, and a valid proof was not found until 1953.{{citation
| last = Zong | first = Chuanming
| editor1-last = Goodman | editor1-first = Jacob E. | editor1-link = Jacob E. Goodman
| editor2-last = Pach | editor2-first = János | editor2-link = János Pach
| editor3-last = Pollack | editor3-first = Richard | editor3-link = Richard M. Pollack
| contribution = The kissing number, blocking number and covering number of a convex body
| doi = 10.1090/conm/453/08812
| location = Providence, RI
| mr = 2405694
| pages = 529–548
| publisher = American Mathematical Society
| series = Contemporary Mathematics
| title = Surveys on Discrete and Computational Geometry: Twenty Years Later (AMS-IMS-SIAM Joint Summer Research Conference, June 18–22, 2006, Snowbird, Utah)
| volume = 453
| year = 2008}}.
Hoppe published several works on a formula for the m-fold derivative of a composition of functions. The formula, now known as "Hoppe's formula", is a variation of Faà di Bruno's formula. Hoppe's publication of his formula in 1845 predates Faà di Bruno's in 1852, but is later than some other independent discoveries of equivalent formulas.{{citation
| last = Johnson | first = Warren P.
| doi = 10.2307/2695352
| issue = 3
| journal = American Mathematical Monthly
| mr = 1903577
| pages = 217–234
| title = The curious history of Faà di Bruno's formula
| url = http://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/news_old/monthly217-234.pdf
| volume = 109
| year = 2002| jstor = 2695352
}}.
In his work on special functions, Hoppe belonged to the Königsburg school of thought, led by Carl Jacobi.{{citation|title=A Comprehensive Treatment of q-Calculus|first=Thomas|last=Ernst|publisher=Springer|year=2012|isbn=9783034804318|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBGTUDVyC8cC&pg=PA52|page=52}}.
He also published research in fluid mechanics.{{citation
| last = Despeaux | first = Sloan Evans
| editor1-last = Parshall | editor1-first = Karen Hunger
| editor2-last = Rice | editor2-first = Adrian C.
| contribution = International mathematical contributions to British scientific journals, 1800–1900
| location = Providence, RI
| mr = 1907170
| pages = 61–87
| publisher = American Mathematical Society
| series = History of Mathematics
| title = Mathematics unbound: the evolution of an international mathematical research community, 1800–1945 (Charlottesville, VA, 1999)
| volume = 23
| year = 2002}}. See in particular [https://books.google.com/books?id=0CApaWJwry8C&pg=PA71 p. 71].
Awards and honors
He was elected to the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 1890.{{citation|title=Leopoldina|volume=36|page=132|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MfIyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA132|location=Halle|year=1900|language=German|last1=Kieser|first1=Dietrich Georg|last2=Carus|first2=Carl Gustav|last3=Behn|first3=Wilhelm Friedrich Georg|last4=Knoblauch|first4=Carl Hermann|last5=Wangerin|first5=Albert}}.
Books
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=dqQKAAAAYAAJ Theorie Der Independenten Darstellung Der Höhern Differentialquotienten] (Leipzig: Joh. Ambr. Barth, 1845)
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=7odhAAAAcAAJ Zulänglichkeit Des Empirismus In Der Philosophie] (Berlin: Wilhelm Thome, 1852)
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=jPoSAQAAMAAJ Lehrbuch Der Differentialrechnung Und Reihentheorie Mit Strenger Begründung] (Berlin: G. F. Otto Müller, 1865)
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=a6QLAAAAYAAJ Principien Der Flächentheorie] (Leipzig: C. A. Koch, 1876)
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=l9cGAAAAYAAJ Tafeln Zur Dreissigstelligen Logarithmischen Rechnung] (Leipzig: C. A. Koch, 1876)
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=GxlLAAAAYAAJ Lehrbuch Der Analytischen Geometrie] (Leipzig: C. A. Koch, 1880)
References
{{reflist|30em}}
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Category:University of Greifswald alumni